Mapping of groundwater potential zones in the Musi basin using remote sensing data and GIS
Sreedhar Ganapuram a. VijayaKumar a. MuraliKrishna b. ErcanKahya c. Cüneyd Demirel d.
a. Center for Spatial Information Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India
b. Centre for Atmospheric Sciences and Weather Modification Technologies, JNT University, IST Building – IV Floor, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500085, AP, India
c. Civil Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
d. Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
Advances in engineering software, Vol. 40, No. 7, 2009, p. 506-518.
Abstract
The objective of this study is to explore the groundwater availability for agriculture in the Musi basin. Remote sensing data and geographic information system were used to locate potential zones for groundwater in the Musi basin. Various maps (i.e., base, hydrogeomorphological, geological, structural, drainage, slope, land use/land cover and groundwater prospect zones) were prepared using the remote sensing data along with the existing maps. The groundwater availability of the basin is qualitatively classified into different classes (i.e., very good, good, moderate, poor and nil) based on its hydrogeomorphological conditions. The land use/land cover map was prepared for the Kharif season using a digital classification technique with the limited ground truth for mapping irrigated areas in the Musi basin. The alluvial plain in filled valley, flood plain and deeply buried pediplain were successfully delineated and shown as the prospective zones of groundwater.
Keywords: Ground water Remote sensing GIS Musi basin Mapping ArcGIS DEM
1. Introduction
Groundwater is a form of water occupying all the voids within a geological stratum. Water bearing formation of the earth’s crust acts as conduits for transmission and as reservoirs for storing water. The occurrence of groundwater in a geological formation and the scope for its exploitation primarily depend on the formation porosity. In the presence of interconnected fractures, cracks, joints, crushed zones (such as faults zones or shear zones) or solution cavities, rainwater can easily percolate through them and contribute to groundwater [16]. The conventional methods used to prepare groundwater potential zones are mainly based on ground surveys. With the advent of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies, the mapping of groundwater potential zones within each geological unit has become an easy procedure [4,13]. The groundwater conditions vary significantly depending upon the slope, depth of weathering, presence of fractures, surface water bodies, canals, irrigated fields etcetera. These factors can be interpreted or analyzed in GIS using remote sensing data. Jain [4] demonstrated the use of hydrogeomorphological map by using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Linear Imaging Self-Scanning II geocoded data on 1:50,000 scale along with the topographic maps to indicate the groundwater potential zones in qualitative terms (i.e., good to very good, moderate to good and poor)
Minor et al. [7] developed an integrated interpretation strategy to characterize groundwater resources for identification of well locations in Ghana using GIS. Gustafsson [3] used GIS for the analysis of lineament data derived from SPOT imagery for groundwater potential mapping. For the assessment of groundwater resources of Northwest Florida water management district, Richards et al. [10] took the advantage of GIS for spatial analysis and data visualization. Krishnamurthy et al. [5] developed a GIS based model for delineating groundwater potential zones of Marvdaiyar basin, Tamil Nadu, India by integrating different thematic layers derived from remote sensing data. The field verification of this model established the efficacy of GIS in demarcating the potential groundwater reserves. Applications of GIS for groundwater resource assessment have also been reported by Sander [11], Teevw [15] and others.
A GIS framework was developed and analyzed by Das et al. [2] with logical conditions to derive groundwater zones in Sali river basin, Bankura district, West Bengal using thematic layers like geology, geomorphology, drainage density, slope and land use/ land cover generated using IRS 1B data by applying GIS technique using Arc/Info and ILWIS 2.1 software. Based on the status of groundwater irrigated areas through remote sensing artificial recharge structures such as percolation tanks, check dams and subsurface dykes can be recommended upstream of groundwater irrigated areas to recharge wells in the downstream areas to augment groundwater resources. Singh et al. [13] prepared groundwater potential maps on 1:50,000 scale for Mirzapur District of Uttar Pradesh, India based on visual interpretation of IRS IC LISS III data. They evaluated the groundwater potentials by combining thematic maps of hydrogeomorphology, lineament, drainage map, topographic maps, and lithology in GIS environment. Sikdar et al. [12] visually delineated geomorphic and land use/land cover units from satellite data in conjunction with the topographical maps. Eleven geomorphographic units were qualitatively interpreted for groundwater prospects on the basis of geology structure, geomorphology and recharge conditions at Raniganji Coal field area, west Bengal. Remote sensing technique has been used to map the irrigated areas along the Musi river bed using digital image supervised classification technique through specification approach, with limited ground truth for mapping the broad categories and their areal extent and location [8]. These maps were prepared using IRC-1C LISS III and PAN satellite data and other collateral information.
A study conducted to develop a digital database of groundwater availability qualitatively in the Musi Basin using geological (lithology and structural), geomorphological and hydrological information and also to map irrigated areas using remote sensing data is presented in this paper.
4. Conclusions
Mapping of groundwater resources have been increasingly implemented in recent years because of increased demand for water. The data most commonly available for groundwater study are geological, geomorphological and hydrological information. In this study we attempted to identify groundwater potential zones using remote sensing and geographic information system techniques in the Musi basin.
To demarcate the groundwater availability of the Musi basin, various thematic maps such as, base map, lithological map, geological structural map, geomorphology map and hydrological map were prepared from remote sensing data, topographic maps, geology maps and hydrogeomorphology maps using Arc GIS and ERDAS software and these maps are integrated for preparing groundwater prospects map.
The hydrogeomorphological units such as flood plain, valley fill and deeply buried pediplain are prospective zones for groundwater exploration and development in the study area. Presence of faults and lineaments in the area enhance the potential of these units.
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