Modeling Our World
The ESRI Guide to Geodatabase Design
by Michael Zeiler
Geographic data models are digital frameworks that describe the location and characteristics of things in the world around us. With a geographic information system, we can use these models as lenses to see, interpret, and analyze the infinite complexity of our natural and man-made environments. With the geodatabase, a new geographic data model introduced with ArcInfo 8, you can extend significantly the level of detail and range of accuracy with which you can model geographic reality in a database environment.
Contents
PREFACE .............................................................................................................. vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER 1: OBJECT MODELING AND GEODATABASES ........................ 1
Modeling objects with GIS ...................................................................................... 2
The progress of geographic data models .............................................................. 4
The geodatabase, store of geographic data........................................................... 8
Features in an object-oriented data model ...........................................................10
Serving geographic data .........................................................................................12
Accessing geographic data.....................................................................................14
Building data models..............................................................................................16
Guide to reading UML object diagrams ................................................................19
Technology trends ..................................................................................................21
CHAPTER 2: HOW MAPS INFORM................................................................... 23
The utility of maps ..................................................................................................24
How maps present information .............................................................................25
The parts of a map .................................................................................................27
Presenting geography with layers ......................................................................... 28
Drawing features with symbols............................................................................. 30
Drawing feature layers............................................................................................32
Classifying attribute values .....................................................................................36
Displaying thematic, spectral, and picture data....................................................38
Visualizing surfaces with TIN layers .....................................................................41
CHAPTER 3: GIS DATA REPRESENTATIONS ................................................. 45
The fundamentals of a GIS....................................................................................46
The diverse applications of GIS ............................................................................48
Three representations of the world .......................................................................51
Modeling surfaces.................................................................................................. 52
Modeling imaged or sampled data ........................................................................54
Modeling discrete features .....................................................................................56
Comparing spatial data representations ................................................................58
CHAPTER 4: THE STRUCTURE OF GEOGRAPHIC DATA........................ 61
The catalog and connections to data....................................................................62
The geodatabase, datasets, and feature classes ...................................................64
ArcInfo workspaces and coverages ..................................................................... 66
Shapefiles and CAD files ........................................................................................68
Maps and layers ......................................................................................................70
Comparing the structure of vector datasets ..........................................................72
Comparing feature geometry in vector datasets ...................................................73
CHAPTER 5: SMART FEATURES .................................................................... 75
The qualities of features .........................................................................................76
Steps to making features smart ............................................................................. 78
Designing the geodatabase ....................................................................................80
Storing data in tables ..............................................................................................82
The shape and extent of features......................................................................... 84
Attributes: qualities of an object ............................................................................86
Adding simple behavior with subtypes.................................................................88
Validating attributes .................................................................................................90
Relationships among objects .................................................................................92
Extending object classes ........................................................................................96
The geodatabase object model............................................................................. 98
CHAPTER 6: THE SHAPE OF FEATURES ........................................................ 101
Geometry and features .........................................................................................102
Constructing geometry ..........................................................................................105
Testing spatial relationships .................................................................................110
Applying topological operators............................................................................112
Geometry object model........................................................................................114
CHAPTER 7: MANAGING WORK FLOW WITH VERSIONS ................. 115
Using versions .......................................................................................................116
Long transactions and the geodatabase ..............................................................118
The fundamentals of versions .............................................................................120
Editing versioned geodatabases...........................................................................122
Types of work flows .............................................................................................124
CHAPTER 8: LINEAR MODELING WITH NETWORKS ........................... 127
Modeling infrastructure ........................................................................................128
The network model ..............................................................................................130
How features connect ..........................................................................................132
Network features ...................................................................................................134
Network flow .........................................................................................................139
Analysis on a network ..........................................................................................142
Network object model ..........................................................................................145
CHAPTER 9: CELL-BASED MODELING WITH RASTERS ........................ 147
Representing geography with rasters ...................................................................148
Using raster data....................................................................................................150
Raster data model .................................................................................................152
Raster display and analysis ..................................................................................154
The spatial context of rasters ...............................................................................156
Raster formats ........................................................................................................158
Raster object model ..............................................................................................160
CHAPTER 10: SURFACE MODELING WITH TINS ...................................... 161
Representing surfaces ...........................................................................................162
Structure of a TIN .................................................................................................164
Modeling surface features ....................................................................................166
CHAPTER 11: FINDING LOCATIONS............................................................. 169
Using locations ......................................................................................................170
Converting locations to map features..................................................................172
Converting x,y locations .......................................................................................173
Converting addresses ............................................................................................174
Converting place names .......................................................................................177
Converting postal zones .......................................................................................178
Converting route locations ...................................................................................179
CHAPTER 12: GEODATABASE DESIGN GUIDE .......................................... 181
Purpose and goals of design ...............................................................................182
Overview of design steps .....................................................................................184
Step 1: Model the user’s view ..............................................................................186
Step 2: Define entities and relationships .............................................................188
Step 3: Identify representation of entities ...........................................................190
Step 4: Match to geodatabase data model ..........................................................192
Step 5: Organize into geographic data sets.........................................................194
INDEX ................................................................................................................ 197
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