Herbaceous Vegetation Cover Analysis of Selected Sites in Jordan
Said A. Damhoureyeh1
1Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Jordan , Amman - Jordan
"دراسة
الغطاء النباتي العشبي لبعض مناطق الأردن"
الكلمات الداله: الغطاء النباتي العشبي, الاردن, المناطق الجغرافيه
الحيويه
ملخـص
تم اختيار خمسة مناطق تمثل خمسة انماط نباتية و تقع ضمن اثنتين من المناطق
الجغرافية الحيوية في الأردن لهذه الدراسة.
باستخدام وحدة الخط و بحبل طوله خمسون مترا" تم وضع هذه الحبال في
عشرة مواقع عشوائيا", وعلى امتداد كل حبل, تم وضع خمسة مربعات (مساحةالواحد1
كم2 ) لدراسة الغطاء النباتي العشبي ويتضمن: الغطاء النباتي, اقصى
ارتفاع للنبات, العدد الكلي للأفراد من كل نوع وعدد الأنواع. تم حساب تركيبة
الأنواع النباتية وعائلاتها, نسبة تكرار الجماعات ووفرتها وحساب قيمة الأهمية (IV).
نتائج التحاليل بينت ان هناك 3-4 عائلات سائده وتكون ما يزيد عن 50% من
العائلات النباتيه الموجوده في كل موقع. العائلة المركبه Asteraceae
كانت الأكثر وفره في كل المواقع واحتلت المرتبه الأولى في قيمة الأهمية .IV من العائلات الأخرى التي اظهرت قيم عاليه
للأهمية العائله النجيليه ,Gramineae العائله الشفويه ,Labiatae والعائله البقوليه Leguminosae. اعلى قيم للغطاء النباتي, اقصى ارتفاع للنبات,
العدد الكلي للأفراد من كل نوع وعدد الأنواع تم تسجيله في مناطق العالوك و ناعور
والتي تمثل غابة البلوط متساقط الأوراق ونمط نبات حوض المتوسط الخالي من الغابات
بالتوالي. مناطق ضانا والعدسيه اظهرت اقل القيم للغطاء النباتي, اقصى ارتفاع
للنبات, العدد الكلي للأفراد من كل نوع وعدد الأنواع .
القليل من الأنواع النباتيه اظهرت نسبه عاليه من الوفره الكليه للغطاء
النباتي, كما واظهرت النتائج ان النماط النباتيه في كل موقع تحتوي مجموعة متنوعة
من الأنواع النباتية التي لها قيمة اهمية عالية.
Key Words: Herbaceous vegetation cover, Jordan
Abstract
Five selected sites representing two
biogeographical regions and five different vegetation types in Jordan
were studied. Herbaceous vegetation were surveyed using the line transect. A total of 50 quadrat units (1m sq. each) per
site were sampled along a ten fifty -meter-line
transects with 5 quadrat units per line. Herbaceous vegetation total cover and
maximum plant height, total number of individuals of each species and number of
species were recorded. The analysis of the surveyed sites included species composition, species frequencies, abundances
and importance value (IV). Analysis revealed that three to four families
constituted more than 50% of the relative abundance of the total families in
each site. Asteraceae was the most abundant family in all sites and had the
highest IV. Other families that showed
high abundance and IV values include, Leguminosae, Labiatae and Gramineae. Highest
coverage, height, number of species, number of families and number of individuals
have been recorded in Alouk and Na’ur areas representing the deciduous oak and
non forest Mediterranean vegetation types respectively. Dana and Adaseyeh had
the lowest values. Only few species in
each site contributed a major percent of the total abundance. Identifying the species with highest IV values in
each family at each of the five sites showed that these herbaceous vegetation
types exhibit diverse array of species.
Introduction
Four main factors do contribute to
the country’s ecology (Eig, 1946, Al-Eisawi, 1985, 1997, GCEP, 2000a, 2000b). These
are topography and altitude, rainfall, temperature and soil types. As a result
four biogeographical regions are recognized in Jordan (Al-Eisawi, 1985, Long
1959). The Mediterranean Region which includes almost all the mountain ranges
occurring in the country and the soils are of the types Terra rosa and Rendzina
which support forest climax of Pinus halepensis (wild Pine), Quercus
calliprinos (ever-green Oak), Quercus ithaburensis (deciduous Oak), Juniperus
phoenica (Phoenician Juniper). The second is the Irano-Turanian region
which surrounds all of the Mediterranean region except in the north. The soil
is mostly poor, eroded and of the calcareous or loess type. This soil is
moderately productive and best used for moderate herbivory. The Saharo-Arabian region
comprises the majority of the country and borders the Irano-Turanian on the
east. The soil is very poor and mostly of the hammada type with some
sandy, saline soils or mud flats. The
fourth region is the Sudanian (Sub-Tropical) region which comprises the Rift
Valley, including the Dead Sea area, Wadi
Araba, Aqaba, and part of Wadi Rum and the soil is mostly sandy and saline
soils.
Thirteen
vegetation types are recognizable in Jordan (Al-Eisawi, 1985). Some
types are strictly confined to one of the
bioclimatic regions. For example, forest climax occurs only within the
Mediterranean region, while Steppe vegetation, on the other hand, is confined
to the Irano-Turanian region. Tropical and Acacia woodlands occur at the
sub-tropical region. Hammada vegetation occurs predominantly at the
Saharo-arabian region.
Various studies regarding plant
species composition and habitat description and vegetation community analysis (Al-Eisawi,
1982, 1985, 1997, Kurschner, 1986, Poore and Robertson, 1964) were mostly based
on qualitative assessment. However, studies attempting to quantitatively analyze
vegetation in Jordan
are few. This study aims at exploring and contrasting the herbaceous vegetation
composition, distribution and abundance between the Mediterranean
and Irano-Turanian Biogeographical regions and among different vegetation types
within the Mediterranean region.
Methodology
Site selection and description
Five
sites have been selected randomly for this analysis (Sakeb, Alouk, Na’ur, Dana,
and Adaseyeh) as presented in Table (1). These sites belong to different
climatic divisions. Sakeb, Alouk, Na’ur and Dana areas represent the Mediterranean
region where Adaseyeh represent the Irano-Turanian region. Moreover, the sites within the Mediterranean differ in term of physical environment
(soil, temperature, Altitude, rainfall). Accordingly they show varied vegetations
types. The study took place on site surveys conducted during the period
2003/04.
Experimnetal
design
Herbaceous vegetation was sampled
using the line transect technique (Barbour, et al., 1987). For each site ten fifty -meter-line transects were laid. At each line, 5 quadrat
units (1m sq. each) were surveyed. This totals a 50 quadrat units per site. The
measured parameters represent the average of the fifty quadrat units for the
whole site.
Parameters measured were: herbaceous
vegetation total cover and maximum plant height. In addition, total number of
individuals of each species, number of species and their families and species
composition. Moreover, these parameters were used to calculate density (D),
relative density (RD), frequency (F), relative frequency (RF), relative
abundance (RD) and the importance value (IV) using the following formulas
(Barbour, et al. 1987; Krebs, 1989; Hegazy et al. 1998):
D = no.
individuals (sp. A) / total units surveyed
RD = (density
(sp. A) / total species densities) X 100
F = units of
occurrence (sp. A) / total units surveyed
RF = (frequency
(sp. A) / total species frequencies) X 100
RA = no. of
individuals (family) / total no. of individuals (site) X 100
Then Importance
Value (IV) will be calculated using the following formula (Bray and Curtis,
1957; Ayyad and Dix, 1964)
IV = RD +
RF
Species
therefore, can be ranked based on their IV (ranging between 0 to 200) to
determine the IV rank.
All
the measurements including: no. of species, no. of families, no. of species in
each family, total no. of individuals per family and the calculated values are
reported.
Results:
Summary of the major herbaceous
vegetation cover data for each of the sampled sites is presented in table (2). The highest number of species, individuals
per species and maximum height and cover percent were recorded for Alouk study
site. Na’ur study site showed the
highest number of plant families recorded, while it came second after Alouk
regarding the other parameters. Moreover,
Adaseyeh study site had the lowest values regarding the number of species and
families and the shortest vegetation, while Dana shows the lowest number of
individuals but not the lowest number of species and families.
The
analysis of the most important species in each of the five studied sites revealed
that Trifolium stellatum, Filago desertorum and Salvia
palaestina make up about up about 35% of the total number of individuals in
Adaseyeh area, While Echinops polyceras, Sedum caespitosum, Anchusa
aegyptiacum , Eryngium creticum and
Podonosma orientalis were present but less abundant. Echinops polyceras,
Erodium gruinum, Sedum caespitosum, Eryngium creticum and Podonosma orientalis
were present but less abundant (Table 3 A). Paronychia sinaica, Linum
pubescens, Orobanche crenua, Sedum palaestinum, Varthemia iphionoides and
Chaetosciadium trichospermum where the largest species in Na’ur area. These
six species constitute more than 50% of the total number of individuals. Other
less abundant species include, Sedum rubens, Theligonum
cynocrambe, Ornithogallum montanum, Asphodelus aestivus, Minuartia mediterranea,
cichorium pumilum and Biscuetilla didyma (Table 3 B).
In Alouk area, Senecio
vernalis, , Crepis bulbosa, Theligonum cyanocrambe, Hordeum bulbosum and
Picris cyanocrambe add up to more than 40% of the total number of
individuals and other less abundant species include Seedlings of Crataegus
azarolus, Isatis lusitanica, Carlina hispanica, Trifolium stellatum, Trifolium
spumosum, Sarcopoterium spinosum, and
Avena longilumis (Table 3 C). While Orchis
tridentate, Carlina hispanica, Trifolium clypeatum, Ballota undulata and
Salvia palaestina, comprise more than 50% of the total number of
individuals in Sakeb area. Hirschfeldia incana, Plantago cretica,
Rhus coriaria, Rhamnus palaestinus, Crupina crupinastrum, Ziziphora tinuior and Crepis aspera were also present but with less abundance
(Table 3 D). In Dana area, more than 35% of
the total number of individuals belonged to species Avena weistii, Centaurea
iberica, Tragopogon collinus and
Catapodium rigidum.. Other species of less abundance include, Urginea
maritima, Notobasis syriaca, Anchusa strigosa, Diplotaxis harra, Biscuetilla
didyma, Filago pyramidata and Ziziphora tinuior (Table 3 E).
Further analysis of the
number of individuals in each family (most abundant) were tabulated and the most
important families within each site were recorded and graphed (Table 4, Fig 1).
In general, three to four major families comprise more than 50% of the relative
abundances in each of the studied sites. The Adaseyeh area, which represents
the Irano-Turanian region was dominated by individuals
belonging to the families of Asteraceae, labiatae and umbelliferae.
Na’ur area that belongs to the Mediterranean non-forest vegetation was
dominated by members that belong to the families of Asteraceae, caryophyllaceae, linaceae and
crassulaceae. Moreover, the Alouk area,
which represents the Mediterranean deciduous oak forest region, was dominated
by individuals belonging to the families of
Asteraceae, leguminosae and gramineae. While, the individuals belonging to families of
Asteraceae, labiatae, leguminosae and orchidaceae were dominant in Sakeb area
that represents the Northern Mediterranean evergreen oak forest .
Finally, Dana area, whish belongs to the Southern Mediterranean oak forest , was dominated
by individual of the Asteraceae, gramineae and cruciferae families.
Discussion and Conclusions:
The current study represents an
attempt to quantify the differences between herbaceous vegetation types present
in Jordan .
The analysis showed a variability of the
herbaceous vegetation composition existing at the studied sites. This
variability is expected to occur as a result of the changes in term of habitat topography,
climate and edaphic conditions existing at the study sites and as noted by many
previous studies (Al-Eisawi, 1985; Long 1957; Poore and Robertson, 1964;
Zohary, 1962).
In general Mediterranean areas
showed the highest diversity in terms of no. of families and no. of species.
Dana, although, considered a representative to Mediterranean region of southern
forests, it shows the lowest number of individuals but not the lowest number of
species and families. This agrees with previous assumptions that Mediterranean
regions supports higher diversity due to favorable climatic condition. Irano-Turanian
region represented by Adaseyeh in this study had relatively, the lowest no. of
different species and families.
The variability between the five
sites persisted within all measured parameters including the herbaceous vegetation
cover, maximum height, no. of individuals, no. of families and no. of species.
Moreover, within each site, few families constituted more than 50% of the total
abundance and a unique composition of families emphasizing the variability
existing among these sites.
Most of plant families are represented
in all of the five sites and the study focuses on the most frequent families.
Differences within the sites that belong to the Mediterranean region,
attributed to the prevailing bioclimatic conditions, are exacerbated by the
level disturbances these sites have experienced (Al-Eisawi, 1994). Taimeh, 1995
and Disi 2003, indicated various reasons threatening the vegetation cover and
biodiversity in Jordan .
Among these are destruction of habitats, urbanization and recreational
activities and tourism, expansion of agricultural projects and mal agricultural
projects, uncontrolled grazing, deforestation and land fragmentation.
None of the studied sites are
pristine due to the current land use practices exist in many natural areas in
Jordan, such as deforestation and grazing (Na’ur and Dana areas), mining
(Adaseyeh area), expansion of agricultural areas (Na’ur, Sakeb and Alouk area)
and urban development (in all sites).
The most frequent families were the most important
families based on the calculations used in this study (Bray and Curtis, 1957;
Ayyad and Dix, 1964). Other formulae have been developed to take into
account the individual coverage (Curtis and McIntosh, 1951; Lindsey,
1956; Barbour et al. 1987) and therefore, neither family or species can be
totally confirmed of being the one with the highest importance value. However,
we still can incorporate our visual observations of the percent cover of some
indicative species such as Sarcopoterium spinosum in Na’ur, Cistus creticus
in Sakeb or Retama raetam in Adaseyeh, which may put them as the leading
species with the highest Importance Values.
In conclusion, Asteraceae
constituted the largest family in all sites. This large family has a vast
cosmopolitan distribution and its expected to be found and most habitats. Many
of which have weedy growth that is boosted in response to disturbance and
clearance of natural vegetation.
Other smaller families showed high
frequencies such as orobanchaceae and orchidaceae in Na’ur and Sakeb areas respectively.
The high frequency of the parasitic members of the family orobanchaceae can be
attributed to expansion of agricultural fields in Na’ur area.
Most of orchids in Jordan
have been recorded from the northern forests (Al-Eisawi, 1986). Orchids are
restricted to the Mediterranean vegetation in the country, in particular the
forest in the northern mountain ranges. only two species occur outside this
range. These rare plant species require essential
microclimatic conditions of shade and cooler temperature which is provided by
the natural forest habitats. The
clearance of forests in parts of Jordan especially in the north, can
lead to loss of such rare species.
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to thank
Professor Dr. D. M. Al-Eisawi for his great assistant in plant identification
and comments, Professor Dr. A. M. Disi for his valuable comments on the
manuscript, and Mr. I. A. Al-Khader for his help in developing this manuscript.
References
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Vegetation-microenvironmental Complex on Prairie Slopes in Saskatchewan
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Plant Ecology. 2ed. edition, Benjamin/Cummings, USA
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the Upland Forest
Communities of Southern Wisconsin . Ecological
Monographs. 27: 325-349.
Curtis, J. T. and R. P. McIntosh, 1951. The Interrelations of Certain
Analytic and Synthetic Phytosociological Characteristics. Ecology. 31:434-498.
Disi, A. M. 2003. Jordan Country Study on Biological
Diversity: Herpetofauna of Jordan Amman , Jordan
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of Palestine Palestine Jerusalem
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Ecosystems and habitats. GCEP, UNEP/GEF. Amman ,
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(GCEP). 2000b. Jordan Country Study on Biological Diversity: Plant Biodiversity
and Taxonomy. GCEP, UNEP/GEF. Amman ,
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Higazy, A. K., M. A. El-Demerdash and H. A. Hosni.
1998. Vegetation, Species Diversity and Floristic Relations Along an
Altitudinal Gradient in South West Saudi Arabia .
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Krebs, C. J. 1989. Ecological Methodology. Harper and
Collins, New York
Kürschner, H. 1986. A Physiognomical-ecological
Classification of the Vegetation of Southern Jordan. In, Contribution to the
Vegetation of SouthWest Asia, H.
Kürschner (editor). Beihefte Tübinger Atlas Vorderer Orient, Reihe A
(Naturwissenschaften), Wiesbaden
Lindsey, A. A. 1956. Sampling Methods and Community
Attributes in Forest Ecology. Forest Science. 2: 287-296.
Long, G. 1957. The Bioclimatology and Vegetation of East Jordan . Rome
Poore, M. E. D. and J.C. Robertson. 1964. An approach
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Fig. 1: Relative percentage of the largest families
in the studied sites.
Table 1: Comparison
between the different study sites (Al-Eisawi, 1985)
|
Locality
|
Biogeographical Region
|
Altitude , Temperature,
rainfall
|
Bioclimatic Subdivision
|
Soil Type
|
Vegetation Type/
Characteristic species
|
|
Adaseyeh
|
Irano-Turanian
|
500-600m,
1-32 °C, 150mm
|
Arid
Warm variety
|
Mostly calcareous
|
Steppe vegetation / Retama raetam
|
|
Na’ur
|
|
Variable,
3-30 °C, 500mm
|
Semi Arid
Warm variety
|
Brown soil
|
Non- forest vegetation / Sarcopoterium
spinosum
|
|
Alouk
|
|
600-700m,
4-32 °C, 400mm
|
Arid
Warm variety
|
Mostly yellow soil
|
Deciduous
|
|
Sakeb
|
|
700-1000 m,
4-30 °C, 600mm
|
Sub-humid
Warm variety
|
Mostly red soil
|
Northern evergreen
|
|
Dana
|
|
900-1100m,
(-2)-26 °C, 50mm
|
Semi Arid
Cool variety
|
Mostly red soil
|
Southern evergreen
|
Table 2: Comparative analysis between the five
sites in regard to species numbers, no. of individuals and largest families.
|
Site
|
No.
sp
|
No.
families
|
No.
individuals
|
Max
height
|
Vegetation,
coverage
|
|
Adaseyeh
|
69
|
20
|
2276
|
30.5
cm
|
45
%
|
|
Na’ur
|
88
|
27
|
4089
|
43.0
cm
|
65
%
|
|
Alouk
|
99
|
24
|
8016
|
52.0
cm
|
70
%
|
|
Sakeb
|
71
|
21
|
3603
|
41.5
cm
|
50
%
|
|
Dana
|
81
|
22
|
1915
|
38.5
cm
|
40
%
|
Table 3: Summary of the parameters measured at each
sampling site showing the most frequent families and their IV values and the
most important species within each family.
Adaseyeh area (A), Na’ur area (B), Alouk
area (C), Sakeb area (D), Dana area (E).
|
A: Adaseyeh Sampling Site
|
|||||||
|
Family
|
IV value
(0-200)
|
Total No. of Species
|
Total No. of Individuals
|
Frequency (%)
|
Most important species
|
IV value
(0-200)
|
Total No. of Individuals
|
|
Asteraceae
|
55.92
|
17
|
690
|
11
|
Filago
desertorum
|
12.08
|
189
|
|
Labiatae
|
24.03
|
5
|
283
|
18
|
Salvia
palaestina
|
11.07
|
160
|
|
Leguminosae
|
21.09
|
9
|
210
|
10
|
Trifolium
stellatum
|
12.36
|
134
|
|
Umbelliferae
|
19.78
|
7
|
211
|
11
|
Eryngium
creticum
|
6.27
|
112
|
|
Boraginaceae
|
17.68
|
5
|
200
|
13
|
Podonosma orientalis
|
7.94
|
101
|
|
Crassulaceae
|
13.45
|
2
|
167
|
23
|
Sedum caespitosum
|
7.84
|
117
|
|
Gramineae
|
13.33
|
5
|
101
|
13
|
Crepsis
sp
|
6.73
|
55
|
|
Caryophyllaceae
|
8.72
|
4
|
82
|
10
|
Silene
colorata
|
3.46
|
48
|
|
Convolvulaceae
|
4.34
|
1
|
68
|
10
|
Convolvulus dorycnium
|
4.34
|
68
|
|
Scrophulariaceae
|
3.21
|
1
|
30
|
14
|
Scrophularia deserti
|
3.21
|
30
|
|
Cruciferae
|
3.08
|
2
|
21
|
08
|
Carrichtera
annua
|
2.77
|
20
|
|
B: Na'ur Sampling Site
|
|||||||
|
Family
|
IV value
(0-200)
|
Total No. of Species
|
Total No. of Individuals
|
Frequency (%)
|
Most important species
|
IV value
(0-200)
|
Total No. of Individuals
|
|
Asteraceae
|
40.47
|
17
|
751
|
15
|
Varthemia iphionoides
|
9.52
|
227
|
|
Caryophyllaceae
|
27.37
|
6
|
547
|
27
|
Paronychia sinaica
|
17.33
|
391
|
|
Crassulaceae
|
17.30
|
2
|
453
|
36
|
Sedum
palaestinum
|
11.38
|
310
|
|
Linaceae
|
16.28
|
2
|
461
|
29
|
Linum pubescens
|
15.00
|
437
|
|
Orobanchaceae
|
14.30
|
1
|
260
|
92
|
Orobanche crenua
|
14.30
|
260
|
|
Umbelliferae
|
12.21
|
7
|
152
|
10
|
Chaetosciadium trichospermum
|
8.25
|
189
|
|
Gramineae
|
11.99
|
11
|
215
|
07
|
Vulpia
myuros
|
2.38
|
62
|
|
Liliaceae
|
10.51
|
4
|
225
|
15
|
Asphodelus aestivus
|
4.20
|
108
|
|
Leguminosae
|
9.93
|
7
|
194
|
09
|
Vicia
peregrina
|
2.75
|
77
|
|
Labiatae
|
7.86
|
4
|
145
|
13
|
Phlomis brachyodon
|
3.56
|
68
|
|
Theligonaceae
|
5.87
|
1
|
141
|
28
|
Theligonum cynocrambe
|
5.87
|
141
|
|
Cruciferae
|
5.18
|
4
|
113
|
07
|
Biscuetilla didyma
|
4.10
|
104
|
|
Geraniaceae
|
3.96
|
3
|
56
|
10
|
Erodium bulbosum
|
1.62
|
24
|
|
Santalaceae
|
3.51
|
1
|
66
|
22
|
Osyris
alba
|
3.51
|
66
|
|
Boraginaceae
|
2.88
|
4
|
40
|
06
|
Podonosma orientalis
|
1.28
|
24
|
|
Campanulaceae
|
2.67
|
1
|
74
|
10
|
Legousia pentagonia
|
2.67
|
74
|
|
Rosaceae
|
1.74
|
1
|
36
|
10
|
Sarcopoterium spinosum
|
1.74
|
36
|
|
C: Alouk Sampling Site
|
|||||||
|
Family
|
IV value
(0-200)
|
Total No. of Species
|
Total No. of Individuals
|
Frequency (%)
|
Most important species
|
IV value
(0-200)
|
Total No. of Individuals
|
|
Asteraceae
|
61.09
|
22
|
3118
|
15
|
Senecio vernalis
|
19.77
|
1421
|
|
Leguminosae
|
34.37
|
22
|
1257
|
13
|
Trifolium spumosum
|
4.48
|
142
|
|
Gramineae
|
23.18
|
11
|
805
|
18
|
Hordeum bulbosum
|
7.92
|
319
|
|
Theligonaceae
|
12.40
|
1
|
608
|
73
|
Theligonum cynocrambe
|
12.40
|
608
|
|
Cruciferae
|
12.26
|
4
|
421
|
27
|
Isatis lusitanica
|
5.05
|
241
|
|
Rosaceae
|
10.22
|
2
|
328
|
47
|
Crataegus azarolus
|
5.46
|
192
|
|
Rubiaceae
|
9.14
|
3
|
358
|
24
|
Crucianella
sp
|
6.62
|
250
|
|
Umbelliferae
|
6.68
|
8
|
231
|
07
|
Pimpinella cretica
|
1.64
|
73
|
|
Geraniaceae
|
6.19
|
3
|
204
|
19
|
Geranium columbinum
|
3.09
|
142
|
|
Scrophulariaceae
|
5.42
|
2
|
165
|
26
|
Parantucellia flavoiflora
|
4.02
|
135
|
|
Caryophyllaceae
|
4.78
|
3
|
161
|
21
|
Minuartia decipiens
|
2.60
|
91
|
|
Euphorbiaceae
|
2.27
|
1
|
88
|
18
|
Euphorbia peplis
|
2.27
|
88
|
|
Crassulaceae
|
2.08
|
2
|
50
|
11
|
Sedum microcarpum
|
1.12
|
31
|
|
Liliaceae
|
1.76
|
2
|
36
|
10
|
Ornithogallum narborense
|
0.95
|
29
|
|
Cistaceae
|
1.42
|
1
|
20
|
18
|
Helianthemum aegypticum
|
1.42
|
20
|
|
Labiatae
|
1.33
|
4
|
25
|
04
|
Phlomis brachyodon
|
0.81
|
18
|
|
Dipsacaceae
|
1.23
|
1
|
28
|
13
|
Scabiosa palaestina
|
1.23
|
28
|
|
Malvaceae
|
1.09
|
1
|
29
|
11
|
Alcea
acaulis
|
1.09
|
29
|
|
Santalaceae
|
0.52
|
1
|
18
|
04
|
Thesium
bergeri
|
0.52
|
18
|
|
D: Sakeb Sampling Site
|
|||||||
|
Family
|
IV value
(0-200)
|
Total No. of Species
|
Total No. of Individuals
|
Frequency (%)
|
Most important species
|
IV value
(0-200)
|
Total No. of Individuals
|
|
Asteraceae
|
35.75
|
10
|
584
|
17
|
Carlina
hispanica
|
16.07
|
450
|
|
Leguminosae
|
32.46
|
15
|
524
|
10
|
Trifolium clypeatum
|
13.60
|
349
|
|
Labiatae
|
29.25
|
4
|
561
|
30
|
Ballota
undulata
|
11.51
|
274
|
|
Orchidaceae
|
18.37
|
2
|
486
|
21
|
Orchis
tridentata
|
18.02
|
485
|
|
Cruciferae
|
13.77
|
5
|
285
|
10
|
Hirschfeldia incana
|
8.32
|
206
|
|
Gramineae
|
9.83
|
5
|
178
|
09
|
Aegilops geniculata
|
3.22
|
22
|
|
Caryophyllaceae
|
9.60
|
5
|
158
|
09
|
Vaccaria
pyramidata
|
3.81
|
67
|
|
Plantaginaceae
|
8.32
|
2
|
194
|
13
|
Plantago
cretica
|
7.85
|
189
|
|
Rhamnaceae
|
7.93
|
1
|
133
|
37
|
Rhamnus palaestinus
|
7.93
|
133
|
|
Anacardiaceae
|
6.50
|
1
|
117
|
29
|
Rhus
coriaria
|
6.50
|
117
|
|
Umbelliferae
|
6.41
|
4
|
55
|
11
|
Daucus
carota
|
2.40
|
16
|
|
Rubiaceae
|
4.67
|
3
|
39
|
10
|
Cruciata articulate
|
3.55
|
34
|
|
Boraginaceae
|
4.29
|
3
|
49
|
09
|
Buglossoides tenuiflora
|
1.60
|
34
|
|
Cistaceae
|
2.53
|
2
|
56
|
04
|
Cistus
creticus
|
1.90
|
45
|
|
Resedaceae
|
2.08
|
1
|
28
|
11
|
Reseda
lutea
|
2.08
|
28
|
|
Santalaceae
|
1.73
|
1
|
27
|
09
|
Thesium
bergeri
|
1.73
|
27
|
|
Liliaceae
|
0.96
|
1
|
11
|
06
|
Asphodelus aestivus
|
0.96
|
11
|
|
Geraniaceae
|
0.38
|
1
|
2
|
03
|
Erodium cicularum
|
0.38
|
2
|
|
Rosaceae
|
0.38
|
1
|
2
|
03
|
Sarcopoterium spinosum
|
0.38
|
2
|
Table 4: Comparative
analysis between the five sites showing the most important families.
|
Site
|
Largest families (no.
species / family)
|
Relative Abundance
(Individuals per Total Individuals)
%
|
Frequency
%
|
Density (Plant/ Total Quadrates)
|
RF %
|
RD %
|
IV
(0 - 200)
|
|
Adaseyeh
|
Asteraceae (690)
|
30.3
|
11.4
|
0.8
|
25.6
|
30.3
|
55.92
|
|
Labiatae (283)
|
12.4
|
17.6
|
1.2
|
11.6
|
12.4
|
24.03
|
|
|
Umbelliferae (211)
|
9.3
|
11.4
|
0.6
|
10.5
|
9.3
|
19.78
|
|
|
Leguminosae (210)
|
9.2
|
10.0
|
0.5
|
11.9
|
9.2
|
21.09
|
|
|
Na’ur
|
Asteraceae (751)
|
18.4
|
15.1
|
0.9
|
22.1
|
18.4
|
40.47
|
|
Caryophyllaceae (547)
|
13.4
|
27.0
|
1.8
|
14.0
|
13.4
|
27.37
|
|
|
Linaceae (461)
|
11.3
|
29.0
|
4.6
|
5.0
|
11.3
|
16.28
|
|
|
Crassulaceae (453)
|
11.1
|
7.3
|
4.5
|
6.8
|
11.1
|
17.30
|
|
|
Alouk
|
Asteraceae (3118)
|
38.9
|
15.4
|
3.2
|
22.2
|
38.9
|
61.09
|
|
Leguminosae (1257)
|
15.7
|
12.9
|
1.3
|
18.7
|
15.7
|
34.37
|
|
|
Gramineae (805)
|
10.0
|
18.2
|
1.6
|
13.1
|
10.0
|
23.18
|
|
|
Sakeb
|
Asteraceae (584)
|
16.2
|
17.1
|
1.7
|
19.6
|
16.2
|
35.75
|
|
Labiatae (561)
|
15.6
|
30.0
|
4.0
|
13.7
|
15.6
|
29.25
|
|
|
Leguminosae (524)
|
14.5
|
10.5
|
1.0
|
17.9
|
14.5
|
32.46
|
|
|
Orchidaceae(486)
|
13.5
|
21.4
|
6.9
|
4.9
|
13.5
|
18.37
|
|
|
Dana
|
Asteraceae (611)
|
31.9
|
10.4
|
0.6
|
32.1
|
31.9
|
64.00
|
|
Gramineae (511)
|
26.7
|
7.8
|
0.9
|
13.3
|
26.7
|
39.96
|
|
|
Cruciferae (176)
|
9.2
|
6.7
|
0.6
|
6.2
|
9.2
|
15.36
|
|
E: Dana Sampling Site
|
|||||||
|
Family
|
IV value
(0-200)
|
Total No. of Species
|
Total No. of Individuals
|
Frequency (%)
|
Most important species
|
IV value
(0-200)
|
Total No. of Individuals
|
|
Asteraceae
|
64.00
|
20
|
611
|
10
|
Centaurea iberica
|
17.61
|
219
|
|
Gramineae
|
39.96
|
11
|
545
|
08
|
Avena
weistii
|
19.47
|
302
|
|
Cruciferae
|
15.36
|
6
|
176
|
07
|
Diplotaxis
harra
|
5.42
|
92
|
|
Labiatae
|
15.1
|
9
|
100
|
07
|
Ziziphora
tinuior
|
4.66
|
42
|
|
Liliaceae
|
10.73
|
4
|
111
|
08
|
Urginea
maritima
|
6.65
|
86
|
|
Leguminosae
|
9.61
|
6
|
54
|
07
|
Astragalus bethlehemiticus
|
3.25
|
15
|
|
Caryophyllaceae
|
7.33
|
3
|
93
|
05
|
Gypsophila arabica
|
3.91
|
63
|
|
Boraginaceae
|
6.97
|
1
|
39
|
32
|
Anchusa
strigosa
|
6.97
|
39
|
|
Dipsacaceae
|
5.80
|
3
|
46
|
07
|
Pterocephalus plumosus
|
2.90
|
20
|
|
Umbelliferae
|
4.71
|
3
|
35
|
07
|
Astoma sesiliforme
|
3.26
|
27
|
|
Santalaceae
|
4.14
|
2
|
36
|
08
|
Thesium
bergeri
|
3.73
|
30
|
|
Cistaceae
|
3.25
|
2
|
15
|
08
|
Helianthemum aegyptiacum
|
2.53
|
13
|
|
Geraniaceae
|
2.70
|
1
|
34
|
06
|
Erodium
gruinum
|
2.70
|
34
|
|
Rosaceae
|
1.44
|
1
|
4
|
08
|
Amygdalus korschinskyi
|
1.44
|
4
|
|
Scrophulariaceae
|
1.44
|
1
|
4
|
08
|
Anarrhinum forskahlii
|
1.44
|
4
|
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