Impact of Climate Change on
Himalayan Glaciers and Glacial Lakes
Case Studies on GLOF and Associated Hazards in Nepal and Bhutan
Samjwal Ratna Bajracharya
Pradeep Kumar Mool
Basanta Raj Shrestha
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)
in cooperation with
United Nations Environment Programme Regional Office Asia and the
Pacific (UNEP/ROAP)
Kathmandu, Nepal
Contents
Foreword ICIMOD v
Foreword UNEP vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgements x
Executive Summary xi
Acronyms and Abbreviations xii
Impact of Climate Change on Glaciers and Glacial Lakes
Chapter 1 – Introduction 3
Chapter 2 – Global Climate Change and Retreat of Himalayan Glaciers in
China, India, Bhutan and Nepal 7
Case Studies from Nepal and Bhutan
Chapter 3 – Glacial Lakes in the Dudh Koshi Sub-basin of Nepal and Pho Chu Sub-basin of Bhutan 23
Chapter 4 – Hydrodynamic Modelling of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods 55
Glacial Lake Outburst Floods and Associated Hazards in Nepal
Chapter 5 – Terrain Classification, Hazard and Vulnerability
Assessment of the Imja and Dudh Koshi Valleys in Nepal 69
Chapter 6 – Early Warning Systems and Mitigation Measures 97
Conclusion
Chapter 7 – Conclusions 113
References 115
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