Traffic Operations and Transportation
Planning Study
Edited by
CA O'Flaherty
Contributing authors
MGH Bell, BA (Cantab), MSc, PhD (Leeds), FIHT
PW BonsaU, BA (Oxon), DipTRE MCIT
GR Leake, BSc, MSc (Birmingham), DipTE, CEng, MICE, MIHT
AD May, MA (Cantab), FEng, FICE, MIHT, FCIT
CA Nash, BA (Econ), PhD (Leeds), MCIT
CA O'Flaherty, BE (NUI), MS PhD (Iowa State), Hon LLD (Tasmania),
CEng, FICE, FIEI, FIEAust, FCIT,,FIHT
Elsevier
Butterworth-Heinemann
AMSTERDAM 9 BOSTON 9 HEIDELBERG ~ LONDON ~ NEW YORK ~ OXFORD PARIS ~ SAN DIEGO ~ SAN FRANCISCO~ SINGAPORE ~ SYDNEY ~ TOKYO
About the contributors
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part I: Planning for transport
Chapter 1 Evolution of the transport task
C.A. O'Flaherty
The road in history
Railways, bicycles and motor vehicles
Some changes associated with the motor vehicle
Britain's road network
A final comment
References
Chapter 2 Transport administration and planning
C.A. O'Flaherty
Transport administration in Great Britain
The statutory land use planning process
Finance
Some transport planning considerations
References
Chapter 3 Transport policy
A.D. May
Introduction
A logical approach to transport policy formulation
Problem-oriented planning and the objectives-led approach
Types of objective
A possible set of objectives
Quantified objectives and targets
Problem identification
The instruments of transport policy
Infrastructure measures
Management measures
Information provision
Pricing measures
vi Contents
3.13 Land use measures
3.14 Integration of policy measures
3.15 References
Chapter 4 Economic and environmental appraisal of transport
improvement projects
C.A. Nash
Economic efficiency
Economic efficiency and markets
Valuing costs and benefits
Valuing environmental effects
Equity considerations
Economic regeneration considerations
Budget constraints
Appraisal criteria
Appraisal of pricing policies
Public transport appraisal
Final comment
References
Chapter 5 Principles of transport analysis and forecasting
P W. Bonsall
The role of models in the planning process
Desirable features of a model
Specification, calibration and validation
Fundamental concepts
Selecting a model
Classes of model available to the transport analyst
Transport modelling in practice
References
Chapter 6 Transport planning strategies
CA. O'Flaherty
Do-minimum approach
The land use planning approach
The car-oriented approach
The public transport-oriented approach
The demand management approach
Transport packaging
References
Chapter 7 Developing the parking plan
CA. O'Flaherty
7.1 Parking policy - a brief overview
7.2 Planning for town centre parking- the map approach
Contents vii
7.3 Park-and-ride 166
7.4 References 169
Chapter 8 Planning for pedestrians, cyclists and disabled people
G.R. Leake
Introduction 170
Identifying the needs of pedestrians, cyclists and disabled people 171
Identifying priorities of need 173
Pedestrian and cyclist characteristics and requirements influencing design 174
Special needs of elderly and disabled people 177
References 179
Chapter 9 Technologies for urban, inter-urban and rural passenger
transport systems
G.R. Leake
Introduction
Role of passenger transport systems in urban and non-urban areas
Desired characteristics of public transport systems
Urban, inter-urban and rural technologies
Final comment
References
Chapter 10 Planning for public transport
CA. Nash
Appropriate public transport modes
Commercial services
Subsidised services
Socially optimal pricing and service levels in public transport
Public transport provision in practice
Ownership and regulation
Conclusions
References
Appendix: Alternative objectives for public transport
Chapter 11 Freight transport planning- an introduction
C.A. Nash
11.1 Trends in freight transport
11.2 Roads and economic growth
11.3 Policy issues
11.4 Potential for rail and water
11.5 Conclusions
11.6 References
viii Contents
Part I1: Traffic surveys and accident investigations
Chapter 12 Issues in survey planning and design
P. W. Bonsall
Defining the data requirements
Secondary sources
Choice of survey insmmaent
Design of sampling strategy
The survey plan
Cross-sectional and time series surveys
Training and motivation of staff
Administration
References
Chapter 13 Observational traffic surveys
P. W. Bonsall and CA. O'Flaherty
13~1 Inventory and condition surveys
13.2 Vehicle flow surveys
13.3 Vehicle weight surveys
13.4 Spot speed surveys
13.5 Journey speed, travel time and delay surveys
13.6 Origin-destination cordon and screenline surveys
13.7 Parking use surveys
13.8 Surveys of pedestrians, cyclists and public transport use
13.9 Environmental impact surveys
13.10 References
Chapter 14 Participatory transport surveys
P. W. Bonsall and CA. O'Flaherty
14.1 Group discussion
14.2 Household interview surveys
14.3 Trip end surveys
14.4 En-route surveys
14.5 Public transport user surveys
14.6 Attitudinal surveys
14.7 References
Chapter 15 Accident prevention, investigation and reduction
C.A. O'Flaherty
Traffic accident terminology
Accident prevention
Accident investigation and reduction
References
Part II1: Design for capacity and safety
Chapter 16 Introduction to traffic flow theory
A.D. May
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The principal parameters
16.3 The fundamental relationship
16.4 References
Chapter 17 Road capacity and design-standard approaches
to road design
C.A. O'Flaherty
17.1 Capacity definitions
17.2 The Highway Capacity Manual approach
17.3 The British design-standard approach
17.4 References
Chapter 18 Road accidents
CA. OTlaherty
International comparisons
Accident trends in Great Britain
Accident costs
Reducing the accident toll
References
Chapter 19 Geometric design of streets and highways
C.A. O'Flaherty
19.1 Design speed
19.2 Sight distance requirements
19.3 Horizontal alignment design
19.4 Vertical alignment design
19.5 Cross-section elements
19.6 Safety audits
19.7 References
Chapter 20 Intersection design and capacity
CoA. O'Flaherty
Types of intersection
Overview of the design process
Priority intersections
Roundabout intersections
Traffic signal-controlled intersections
Intersections with grade-separations
References
Chapter 21 Introduction to computer-aided design
of junctions and highways
G.R. Leake
21.1 Role of computer-aided design
21.2 What is CAD?
21.3 Data input requirements
21.4 Outputs from CAD programs
21.5 References
Chapter 22 Design of off-street parking facilities
C.A. OTlaherty
Car parking standards
Locating off-street car parking facilities
The design-car concept
Surface car parks
Off-street commercial vehicle parking
Types of multi-storey car park
Self-parking multi-storey car parks: some design considerations
Fee-collection control and audit
References
Chapter 23 Road lighting
CA. O'Flaherty
23.1 Objectives
23.2 Lighting terminology
23.3 Basic means of discernment
23.4 Glare
23.5 Lamps
23.6 Luminaires
23.7 Mounting height
23.8 Luminaire arrangements
23.9 Overhang, bracket projection and setback
23,10 Spacing and siting
23.11 References
Part IV: Traffic management
Chapter 24 Regulatory measures for traffic management
C.A. O'Flaherty
Speed limits
Restriction of turning movements
One-way streets
Tidal-flow operation
Priority for high-occupancy vehicles
Waiting restrictions and parking control
References
Chapter 25 Physical methods of traffic control
CA. O'Flaherty
Traffic calming
Pedestrian priority
Cyclist priority
References
Chapter 26 Signal control at intersections
M. G.H. Bell
26.1 Hardware
26.2 Intersection design
26.3 Safety and fairness
26.4 Control variables
26.5 Capacity
26.6 Performance
26.7 Off-line signal plan generation
26.8 On-line microcontrol
26.9 On-line proprietary systems
26.10 References
Chapter 27 Signal control in networks
M. G.H. Bell
27.1 Off-line control
27.2 On-line control
27.3 References
Chapter 28 Driver information systems
M.G.H. Bell P W. Bonsall and C.A. 0 'Flaherty
Conventional traffic signs
Variable message signs
Road markings
Guide posts
In-vehicle information systems
Issues in the provision of in-vehicle information and guidance
References
Contents xi
Index 532
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