Using SPSS For Windows
Data Analysis and
Graphics
Second Edition
With 105 Figures
Susan B. Gerber
State University of New York
Graduate School of Education
Buffalo, NY 14260
USA
gerber@buffalo.edu
Kristin Voelkl Finn
Canisius College
Graduate Education
and Leadership Department
Buffalo, NY 14208
USA
finnk@canisius.edu
Preface
This book is a self-teaching guide to the SPSS for Windows computer
application. It is designed to be used with SPSS version 13.0, although many of
the procedures are also applicable to earlier versions of SPSS. The step-by-step
format of this manual “walks” the reader through numerous examples,
illustrating how to use the application. The results produced in SPSS are shown
and discussed in most examples. Each chapter demonstrates statistical
procedures and provides exercises to reinforce the text examples.
This book may be used in two ways – as a stand-alone manual for a student
learning to use SPSS for Windows or in a course together with a basic statistics
text. As a stand-alone manual, it is assumed that the reader is familiar with the
basic ideas of quantitative data and statistical analysis. Thus, statistical
terminology is used without providing extensive definitions. Most of the
applications in this book are self-explanatory, although the reader will need to
refer to a text for extensive discussion of statistical theory and procedures.
This book can also be an invaluable part of an undergraduate or graduate
statistics course with a computer component and can be used easily with any
elementary statistics book (e.g., The New Statistical Analysis of Data by
Anderson and Finn, Elements of Statistical Inference by Huntsberger and
Billingsley, Understanding Statistics by Mendenhall and Ott, or Introduction to
the Practice of Statistics by Moore and McCabe). This manual provides handson
experience with data sets, illustrates the results of each type of analysis
described, and offers exercises for students to complete as homework
assignments. The data sets used as examples are of general interest and come
from many fields, for example, education, psychology, sociology, health, and
sports. An instructor may choose to use the exercises as additional class
assignments or in computer laboratory sessions. Complete answers to the exercises are available to instructors from the publisher.
Chapter 1 of this guide describes how to start the SPSS application and how
to create, upload, and manipulate data files. Chapters 2 through 6 address
descriptive statistics, and chapters 10 through 15 address inferential statistics.
Chapters 7 through 9 discuss probability and are included primarily to illustrate
the bridge between descriptive and inferential statistics. If this manual is used
strictly to teach (or learn) SPSS, these chapters may not be relevant.
This manual uses SPSS for Windows, Version 13.0. System requirements
include: Microsoft Windows 98, Me, NT® 4.0, 2000 or XP operating system,
Pentium®-class processor, 200MB hard drive space (for the SPSS Base only), at
least 128MB RAM, and an SVGA monitor. Information on installing SPSS is
provided with the software. The application includes a comprehensive Help
facility; the user need only click on Help on the main menu bar within the open
application.
Information on obtaining data files used in this manual are posted on the
Springer-Verlag website, at http://www.springeronline.com.
Buffalo, New York
Susan B. Gerber
Kristin Voelkl Finn
Part I
Introduction
Chapter 1
The Nature of SPSS
1.1 GETTING STARTED WITH SPSS FOR
WINDOWS
Windows
SPSS for Windows is a versatile computer package that will perform a wide variety
of statistical procedures. When using SPSS, you will encounter several
types of windows. The window with which you are working at any given time is
called the active window. Four types of windows are:
Data Editor Window. This window shows the contents of the current data file.
A blank data editor window automatically opens when you start SPSS for
Windows; only one data window can be open at a time. From this window,
you may create new data files or modify existing ones.
Output Viewer Window. This window displays the results of any statistical
procedures you run, such as descriptive statistics or frequency distributions.
All tables and charts are also displayed in this window. The viewer window
automatically opens when you create output.
Chart Editor Window. In this window, you can modify charts and plots. For
instance, you can rotate axes, change the colors of charts, select different
fonts, and rotate three-dimensional scatter plots.
Syntax Editor Window. You will use this window if you wish to use SPSS
syntax to run commands instead of clicking on the pull-down menus. An advantage
to this method is that it allows you to perform special features of
SPSS that are not available through dialog boxes. Syntax is also an excellent
way to keep a record of your analyses.
To start an SPSS session, select SPSS from the programs submenu on the
Windows Start menu. Figure 1.1 shows what the screen will look like when
SPSS for Windows first opens...
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