The analysis of journey to work
in human geography
by Kevin O’Connor
sage journals, Vol 4, Issue 4, 1980, P P 475 - 499
The analysis of journey to work data has been an important component in human geography for a considerable period. That importance arose primarily from its rich insight into the daily geography of cities and regions. The following survey beings with an outline of what journey to work data can tell about human settlements, and then moves on to show how it has been used at a city and regional scale, then at a national scale, to expand and illustrate basic ideas in human geography.
I Journey to work data base
1 Contents of a journey to work table
There are three pieces of information in a journey to work data matrix: First, there is information on the geography of the residences of the employed population, represented as the totals in each of the origin units; second, there is the geography of workplaces (what has come to be called ’daytime populations’), which is represented as the totals in each destination unit; and third, the number of flows or trips between the spatial units.
With these three components, journey to work analysis spans subfields in human geography and its insights can contribute to debate in several areas. Processes operating on the spatial distribution of jobs obviously affect the journey- to work; residential mobility, itself a function of a diversity of forces, will influence the distribution of residences; finally the analysis of journeys-for some, a subfield called ’transport geography’-provides data to analyse transport demand and to model intraurban development.
At the same time, however, efforts to juggle all three components simultaneously are not uncommon. These efforts are directed towards understanding the effect that differential rates of change in the spatial distribution of jobs and residences have upon the structure of cities and regions, and on -equity and efficiency considerations of transport system.
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References
Adams, J. 1970: Residential structure of mid western cities. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 60, 37-62.
Afonskaya, M.O., Knobel'sdorf, E.V. and Novikov, M.A. 1974: Regional and local settlement areas. Soviet Geography: Review and Translation 15, 273-88.
Alexander, I. 1978: The impact of office dispersal on work journeys and metropolitan travel patterns. Papers of the Regional Science Association, Australian and New Zealand Section, 1978 Meeting , 107-117.
Andrews, H.F. 1978: Journey to work considerations in the labour force participation of married women. Regional Studies 12, 11-20.
Bastie, J. 1964: La croissance de la banlieue parisienne. Paris.
Beale, C. 1977: The recent shift of United States population to non-metropolitan areas 1970-1975. International Regional Science Review 2, 113-22.
Bederman, S.H. and Adams, J. 1974: Job accessibility and underemployment. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 64, 378-86.
Beesley, M.E. 1970: The value of time spent travelling: some new evidence . In Quandt, R. E., editor, The demand for travel: theory and measurement, Lexington, Massachusetts: D. C. Heath.
Beesley, M.E. and Dalvi, M.Q. 1974: Spatial equilibrium and the journey to work. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 8, 197-222.
Berry, B.J.L. 1968: Metropolitan area definition: a re-evaluation of concept and statistical practice.Washington: Us Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Working paper 28.
1973 : Growth centers in the American urban system. Volume 1: Community development and regional growth in the sixties and seventies. Volume 2: Working materials on the US urban hierarchy and on growth center characteristics, organized by region. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger.
editor, 1976: Urbanization and counter urbanization. Volume II. Urban Affairs Annual Reviews. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Berry, B.J.L. and Gillard, Q. 1977: The changing shape of metropolitan America. Commuting patterns, urban fields and decentralization processes, 1960-1970. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger.
Black, J. 1977: Public inconvenience. Access and travel in seven Sydney suburbs. Canberra: ANU Press for Urban Research Unit.
1978 : Changes in employment accessibility in Sydney. Papers of the Regional Science Association, Australia and New Zealand Section, 1978 Meeting, 118-29.
Black, J.M. and Conroy, M. 1977: Accessibility measures and the social evaluation of urban structure. Environment and Planning A 9, 1013-31.
Boustedt, O. 1961: Die Wachslumskräfte einer Millionstadt-dargestellt am Beispell Münchens. Munich: Carl Gerber Verlag.
Brown, A.J. 1967: What is the Leeds region? In Beresford, M. W. and Jones, G. R. J. , editors, Leeds and its region, Leeds : British Association for the Advancement of Science .
Burtt, E.J. 1961: Changing labour supply characteristics along Route 128 . Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Research Report 17.
Cannon, M. 1966: The land boomers. Carlton: Melbourne University Press.
Carroll, J.D. 1952: The relation of homes to work and the spatial pattern of cities. Social Forces 30, 271-83
Castells, M. 1978 : City, class and power(Translated by E. Lebas). London: Macmillan.
Catanese A.J. 1972: Models of commuting. In Catanese, A. J., editor, New perspectives in urban transportation research, Lexington, Massachusetts: D. C. Heath.
Central Policy Review Staff 1974: Energy Conservation. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
Charrier, J.B. 1966: L'organisation de l'espace dans une 'aire metropolitaine': le basin de Florence-Pistoia. Annales de Géographie 407, 57-83.
Chisholm, M. 1960: A geography of commuting. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 50,187-88.
Christian, C.M. 1975: Emerging patterns of industrial activity within large metropolitan areas and their impact on the central city work force. In Gappert, G. and Rose, H. M., editors, The social economy of cities,Beverly Hills: Sage Publications. Urban Affairs Annual Reviews 9, 213-46.
Coombes, M.G., Dixon, J., Goddard, J.B., Openshaw, S. and Taylor, P.J. 1978: Towards a more rational consideration of census areal units: daily urban systems in Britain. Environment and Planning A 10, 1179-85.
Coornaert, M. and Haumont, A. 1967: Croissance et unité urbaines: l'example de Choissy-le-roi . Annales de Geographie 416, 434-57.
Daniel, W.W. 1972: Whatever happened to the workers in Woolwich? PEP Broadsheet 38, no. 537.
Daniels, P.W. 1973: Some changes in the journey to work of decentralised office workers. Town Planning Review 44, 167-88.
Davies, W.K.D. and Musson, T.C. 1978: Spatial patterns of commuting in South Wales 1951-1971. A factor analysis definition. Regional Studies 12, 353-66.
Dewdney, J.C. 1960: The journey to work in County Durham. Town Planning Review 31, 107-24.
Dickinson, G.C. 1967: Passenger transport developments. In Beresford, M. W. and Jones, G. R. J., editors, Leeds and its region, Leeds: British Association for the Advancement of Science .
Dickinson, R.E. 1957: The geography of commuting in The Netherlands and Belgium . Geographical Review 47, 521-538.
1959: The geography of commuting in West Germany. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 49, 443-56.
1964 : City and region. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Direction Régionale de l'Equipement d'Ile de France 1977: Evolution des migrations alternantes 1962, 1968, 1975. Paris, mimeo.
Drewett, R. and Schubert, U. 1978: The costs of urban growth: a multinational comparative study. Project Overview. Presented at the Conference on the Analysis of Human Settlement Systems, IIASA.
Drewett, J.R., Goddard, J.B. and Spence, N.A. 1976: British cities: urban population and employment trends 1951-1971. Department of the Environment, Research Report 10.
Drewett, R., Gillespie, A., Goddard, J., Kennett, S. and Spence, N. 1978: Urban change in Britain 1951-1971. II British cities: work travel trends. Department of Geography, London School of Economics, for the Department of the Environment.
Duncan, B. 1956: Factors in work-resident separation: wage and salary workers . American Sociological Review 21, 48-56.
Edwards, J.L. and Schofer, J.L. 1976: Relationships between transportation energy consumption and urban structure: results of simulation studies. Transportation Research Record 599, 52-59.
Evans, A.W. 1973: The economics of residential location. New York: St Martins Press.
Evans, L. 1972: The commuter, the car and metropolitan Wellington . Wellington: The Victoria University Press.
Fagnani, J. 1977: Activités féminines et transports urbains. Annales de Géographie 477, 542-61.
Federal Republic of Germany 1979: Habitat and urban development: current problems and developments.Bonn: Federal Minister for Regional Planning, Building and Urban Development.
Fogelson, R.M. 1967: The fragmented metropolis. Los Angeles 1850-1930 . Cambridge, Massachusetts:Harvard University Press .
Foley, D.L. 1975: Accessibility for residents in the metropolitan environment . In Hawley, A. and Rock, V. P., editors, Metropolitan America in contemposary perspective , New York: Halstead Press.
Forster, C.A. 1974: The journey to work and a satellite town: the cautionary example of Elizabeth. Australian Geographical Studies 12, 3-26.
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