CARTOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION MODELING
Giedrė Beconytė
Textbook
CONTENTS
Preface ........................................................................................................................................ 6
1 Requirement engineering in thematic cartography ............................................................ 8
1.1 Systems engineering and erquirement specification ..................................................... 8
1.2 Concept of a requirement in thematic mapping ............................................................ 9
1.3 Principles of requirement engineering ........................................................................ 10
1.4 Classification of requirements in information system ................................................. 12
1.5 General requirements for thematic cartography projects ............................................ 14
1.5.1 Objectives and target groups of the project ........................................................ 14
1.5.2 Component and geographic extent requirements ............................................... 15
1.5.3 Mathematical-cartographic base ......................................................................... 16
1.5.4 General reference base ........................................................................................ 18
1.5.5 Thematic contents of the atlas ............................................................................ 20
1.5.6 Language requirements ....................................................................................... 23
1.6 Implementation requirements ...................................................................................... 24
1.6.1 Project activities ................................................................................................. 24
1.6.2 Project deliverables............................................................................................. 25
1.6.3 Project schedule .................................................................................................. 29
1.6.4 Technology ......................................................................................................... 30
1.6.5 Project team and organizational structure ........................................................... 30
1.6.6 Project management and co-ordination issues .................................................... 33
1.7 Quality of the requirements ......................................................................................... 35
2 Application of semantic modeling for cartographic transcription ................................... 37
2.1 New methods and traditional cartography ................................................................... 37
2.2 Semantic modeling technique ..................................................................................... 38
2.3 Graphical objects and visual variables ........................................................................ 41
2.4 Effectiveness of the method ........................................................................................ 43
3 Life cycle in cartography and models of historical map design ...................................... 45
3.1 Process-oriented approach to thematic mapping ......................................................... 45
3.2 The specifics of historical map projects ...................................................................... 47
3.3 The top-down approach ............................................................................................... 47
3.4 Significant stages of map life cycle ............................................................................. 49
3.5 Three models of thematic map design ......................................................................... 50
4 Conceptual models for cartographic representation ........................................................ 54
4.1 The role of conceptual modeling ................................................................................. 54
4.2 Conceptual models of cartographic information ......................................................... 55
4.2.1 ‘Visual variables’ approach. ............................................................................... 55
4.2.2 Extended model of vector graphics .................................................................... 56
4.2.3 Semantic data models. ........................................................................................ 56
4.3 Criticism of the ‘visual variables’ approach ................................................................ 57
4.4 Proposed outline of a model of map graphics ............................................................. 61
4.5 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 62
5 Language oriented approach to general models of cartographic representation .............. 64
5.1 Cartographic representation in modern context .......................................................... 64
5.2 Map language in the communication process ............................................................. 66
5.2.1 Brief overview of the previous research ............................................................. 66
5.2.2 Languages of spatial communication ................................................................. 67
5.2.3 The specifics of map language ........................................................................... 68
5.3 Spatial information communication revisited ............................................................. 69
5.3.1 Process of cartographic communication ............................................................. 69
5.3.2 Models for encoding the cartographic data ........................................................ 70
5.3.3 Models for retrieval of the cartographic data ..................................................... 72
5.4 Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 73
6 Style in modern cartography ............................................................................................ 75
6.1 Manifestation of style in cartography .......................................................................... 75
6.2 Factors that influence map style .................................................................................. 78
6.3 Stylistic criteria and parameters .................................................................................. 79
6.4 Modern map styles ...................................................................................................... 83
6.4.1 Conventional styles ............................................................................................ 84
6.4.2 Expressive styles ................................................................................................ 85
6.4.3 Artistic styles. ..................................................................................................... 85
7 References ....................................................................................................................... 87
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