GIS
Cartography
A Guide to Effective Map Design
Gretchen N. Peterson
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Contents
Preface.................................................................................................................... xiii
Acknowledgments....................................................................................................xv
Trademark Names..................................................................................................xvii
1Chapter Introduction ..........................................................................................1
No Design Experience? No Worries.....................................................1
Full Disclosure .....................................................................................2
What Is a “GISer”?...............................................................................3
Tick‑Tock Goes the Clock ....................................................................3
Why Good Design Matters ..................................................................4
Audience...............................................................................................5
How to Use This Book .........................................................................5
Skipping the How‑tos to Get Straight to the Good Stuff.....................6
Companion Web Site............................................................................6
End Notes.............................................................................................7
2Chapter Creative Inspiration..............................................................................9
You Can Be Creative .......................................................................... 10
Doing.................................................................................................. 10
Seeing................................................................................................. 11
An Example of How to See................................................................ 11
Applying All of This to Your Map..................................................... 12
Summary and Final Prodding............................................................ 13
A Few Places to Start Seeing Art from Your Desktop....................... 14
End Notes........................................................................................... 14
3Chapter Layout Design..................................................................................... 15
All Together Now............................................................................... 15
Wait! Stop!.......................................................................................... 15
Layout Checklist................................................................................. 17
Element Details and Examples........................................................... 17
Title................................................................................................ 19
Best Practices............................................................................ 19
Placement..................................................................................20
Style ..........................................................................................20
Subtitle........................................................................................... 21
Best Practices............................................................................22
Placement..................................................................................22
Legend ...........................................................................................22
Best Practices............................................................................22
Placement..................................................................................24
Style ..........................................................................................24
Maps..............................................................................................25
Best Practices............................................................................26
Placement..................................................................................26
North Arrow..................................................................................27
Best Practices............................................................................27
Placement..................................................................................27
Style ..........................................................................................27
Date................................................................................................28
Best Practices............................................................................28
Placement..................................................................................28
Authorship .....................................................................................28
Best Practices............................................................................29
Placement..................................................................................29
Style ..........................................................................................29
Scale Bars......................................................................................29
Best Practices............................................................................30
Style ..........................................................................................30
Page Border ................................................................................... 31
Placement.................................................................................. 31
Style .......................................................................................... 31
Neat Lines...................................................................................... 31
Placement.................................................................................. 32
Style .......................................................................................... 32
Graticules....................................................................................... 33
Best Practices............................................................................ 33
Style .......................................................................................... 33
Network Path .................................................................................34
Best Practices............................................................................ 35
Style .......................................................................................... 35
Disclaimer ..................................................................................... 35
Best Practices............................................................................ 35
Style .......................................................................................... 35
Data Sources..................................................................................36
Best Practices............................................................................36
Style ..........................................................................................36
Data Citations................................................................................37
Best Practices............................................................................37
Logos.............................................................................................37
Best Practices............................................................................38
Placement..................................................................................38
Graphs ...........................................................................................38
Best Practices............................................................................38
Placement..................................................................................39
Photographs...................................................................................40
Best Practices............................................................................40
Placement..................................................................................40
Style .......................................................................................... 41
Graphics......................................................................................... 41
Best Practices............................................................................ 41
Placement.................................................................................. 41
Style .......................................................................................... 41
Map Number.................................................................................. 42
Placement.................................................................................. 42
Style .......................................................................................... 42
Tables............................................................................................. 42
Best Practices............................................................................ 43
Style .......................................................................................... 43
Copyright.......................................................................................44
Placement..................................................................................44
Style ..........................................................................................44
Projection.......................................................................................44
Best Practices............................................................................ 45
Placement.................................................................................. 45
Inset Map....................................................................................... 45
Best Practices............................................................................ 45
Style ..........................................................................................46
Descriptive Text.............................................................................46
Style ..........................................................................................46
Style.................................................................................................... 47
Context........................................................................................... 47
Arrangement..................................................................................50
Emphasis Map ............................................................................... 51
Simplicity versus Complexity........................................................ 52
Margins..........................................................................................54
Balance ..........................................................................................54
Suggestions for Further Reading........................................................56
End Notes........................................................................................... 57
4Chapter Fonts................................................................................................... 59
Choosing the Right Font .................................................................... 59
Serif versus Sans Serif...................................................................60
Decorative......................................................................................63
Script..............................................................................................64
Letter Height, Width, Line Thickness...........................................65
Modifying the Font ............................................................................66
Point Size.......................................................................................66
Other Modifications.......................................................................69
Contents
Placing the Text..................................................................................73
Text Direction..................................................................................... 74
Resources ........................................................................................... 75
End Notes........................................................................................... 76
5Chapter Color...................................................................................................77
Color Theory ......................................................................................79
RGB...............................................................................................80
Hexadecimal.................................................................................. 81
HSV ...............................................................................................82
HSL................................................................................................82
CMYK...........................................................................................82
CIELAB ........................................................................................83
The Rules.......................................................................................83
Figure‑Ground...............................................................................84
Five Shades Are Enough Already .................................................85
Choropleth Mapping......................................................................86
What Color Are You Today? Color Connotations.........................88
Color Blending (or My Eyes Are Playing Tricks on Me) ..............90
Contrast.......................................................................................... 91
Color Everywhere Is Tiring...........................................................92
Ensuring Readability for Color Vision Deficiency........................94
Inspiration ..........................................................................................96
Black and White and Modern........................................................97
Resources ...........................................................................................98
End Notes...........................................................................................99
6Chapter Features............................................................................................ 101
Roads................................................................................................ 101
Colors........................................................................................... 101
Rivers and Streams........................................................................... 105
Colors........................................................................................... 105
Showing Hierarchy...................................................................... 105
Showing Attributes...................................................................... 105
Labels .......................................................................................... 106
Bodies of Water................................................................................ 110
Colors........................................................................................... 110
Labels .......................................................................................... 110
Cities and Towns .............................................................................. 114
Colors........................................................................................... 114
Points........................................................................................... 114
Special Effects............................................................................. 114
Labels .......................................................................................... 115
Polygons....................................................................................... 116
xi
Political Boundaries......................................................................... 118
Colors........................................................................................... 118
Conventions................................................................................. 118
Fuzzy Features ................................................................................. 121
Colors........................................................................................... 121
Technique .................................................................................... 122
Elevation and Hillshade ...................................................................124
Hillshade Colors..........................................................................124
Elevation Colors ..........................................................................124
Hillshade......................................................................................124
Contours and Hypsometric Tinting.............................................125
Spot Height Labels ......................................................................126
3D Elevation ................................................................................126
Parcels ..............................................................................................128
Colors...........................................................................................128
Currents............................................................................................ 132
Colors........................................................................................... 132
Wind................................................................................................. 135
Colors........................................................................................... 135
Temperature...................................................................................... 140
Colors........................................................................................... 140
Land Use and Land Cover................................................................ 143
Colors........................................................................................... 143
Trails................................................................................................. 149
Colors........................................................................................... 149
Utilities............................................................................................. 152
Colors........................................................................................... 152
Field Mapping.............................................................................. 153
Impervious Surface .......................................................................... 156
Colors........................................................................................... 156
Basins............................................................................................... 159
Colors........................................................................................... 159
Building Footprints.......................................................................... 163
Colors........................................................................................... 163
Soils.................................................................................................. 166
Colors........................................................................................... 166
Soil Datasets................................................................................ 167
How to Show ............................................................................... 167
How Many Categories Is Too Many? .......................................... 167
From 2D to 3D (and Everything Between).................................. 168
Geology ............................................................................................ 171
Colors........................................................................................... 171
Suggestions for Further Reading...................................................... 176
End Notes......................................................................................... 176
Contents
7Chapter Media................................................................................................ 179
Slides................................................................................................ 179
Viewing Distance and Obstructions............................................ 180
Presentation Style: Fast or Slow, Busy or Simple? ...................... 180
Fast and Simple....................................................................... 181
Slow and Simple ..................................................................... 181
Tips for Creating Simple Map Slides...................................... 182
Slow and Busy ........................................................................ 183
Time and Research Wanted......................................................... 184
Reports ............................................................................................. 185
Where to Put the Map.................................................................. 185
Margin Elements for Report Maps.............................................. 186
Posters .............................................................................................. 188
Summary Posters......................................................................... 188
Detailed Posters........................................................................... 189
Web................................................................................................... 189
Static ............................................................................................ 190
Dynamic ...................................................................................... 191
Dual Purposes.................................................................................. 193
DPI.................................................................................................... 193
Export Considerations...................................................................... 195
Suggestions for Further Reading...................................................... 196
End Notes......................................................................................... 196
Appendix A: Layout Sketches............................................................................. 197
Appendix B: Map Examples...............................................................................207
Appendix C: Color Swatches.............................................................................. 213
Preface
With ten years in the GIS business, I have learned how to communicate effectively with bosses, clients, other scientists, and the public by using maps as the printed or digital culmination of my analyses. I am close enough to the beginning of my career, when I was blindly going about printing maps with no clear purpose or sense of style (as many other entry‑level GIS professionals still do), to remember what it was like to make maps without a guidebook. Since then I have submitted hundreds of slides, report graphics, posters, and letter‑sized results maps to bosses, clients, conferences, and colleagues. I wish that a book like this had existed when I began my career. Through that recognized need, I began thinking about writing one myself. This book is the result of ten years of research and practice in map design. It aims to give you a big boost up the map design learning curve that I so painstakingly climbed.
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