5 جوانب من بنية المدينة العربية الإسلامية
ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺃﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ١١، ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ١ - م. د. فواز عائد جاسم كركجة - مدير معهد إعداد المعلمين - نينوي :
ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺃﺒﺤﺎﺙ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ، ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ١١، ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ١ - م. د. فواز عائد جاسم كركجة - مدير معهد إعداد المعلمين - نينوي :
ﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺍﺜﺎﹰ ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻭﻭﻅﺎﺌﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻴل . ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺴﻌﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻁـﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜـﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻁﻐﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻫﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺩﺭﺍﺱ ، ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠـﺏ ﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺭﻴﻕ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻟﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟـﻰ ﻭﻗـﺕ ﻭﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻟﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻪ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻨﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﺍﺙ ، ﻭﺍﻥ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺘﻌﻠﻘﺕ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻓـﻲ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺄﻫﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤـﺔ ، ﻓـﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﺴﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل (ﺼﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺴﻠﻡ) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺸﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺤـﺎل ﺇﻻ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﻀﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﺩ ﻤﺼﻠﻰ ﺭﺴﻭل ﷲ ﻭﻤﻨﺒﺭﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻭﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻤﺔ ، ﻭﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺃﻫل ﺍﻟﺭﺃﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻭﺭﻯ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ، ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻤﺭﺍﻜـﺯ ﻤﺩﻥ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺘﻭﺜﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺠـل ﺍﺴـﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺠﻴﺎل ﺍﻟﻼﺤﻘﺔ ﺨﻭﻓﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﺭﺍﺱ .
Some Aspects of the Construction of Arab Islamic City and its Documentation
Abstract:
Arab-Islamic city represents a significant tradition in its internal construction
and its basic economic function .For that reason , all scholars began to study its long
history .
Because of the urban development , the cities enlarged on its account across
ages , and the Islamic cities accordingly began to be neglected or declined . The
subject thus is to document such cities in their own buildings and position. Of course ,
this requires a joint team . besides time , experience and suggestions for helping the
specialists .
The problem of this study thus deals with the importance of the Arab-Islamic
documentation . It is necessary to rebuild it even if for some of its parts . So ,
Mohamed’s mosque in Al-madina Al-monawarah is a good example for it has a
chapel of the prophet , minbar and the honorable place .
Indeed , this mosque was the real place for spreading widely Islam outside ,
for its effective events and for wise people to meet there . There are also other places
which can be documented and studied as Islamic city centers , or repaired . This fact
is too much important for being decumented for the benefit of the next generations
test they should decline .
The third section talks about the role of Syriac and other people in translation
and foreign sciences which were translated into Arabic.
The fourth section presents the famous translators who appeared in AL Sham
who had a vital role in translating the Greek Sciences to the human civilization and
specially the European.
المقدمة :
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻁﺎﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺭﻭﺙ ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻬﺎ، ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﺠﻌﺔ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ ، ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺜﺎﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺅﺭﺨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺩﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻟﻴﺨﺭﺠﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻴﺸﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ، ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻭﻤﺔ ﺒـ (ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ) ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ (ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺴﻜﻭ UNESCO ) ﻤﺘﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺒﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺕ ﺒﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻜﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ (ﺍﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ) (ﺩ.ﺨﺎﻟﺹ ﺍﻻﺸﻌﺏ ١٩٨٦) ﻭﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ (ﺩ.ﺍﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ١٩٨٧) .
ﻭﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯﻱ ﻟﻼﺸﻜﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ (ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺇﻴﺜﺎﺭ ﺠﻭﺯﻴﻑ ﺃﺴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻠﻭﺠﻴﺔ ، ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ) ، ﻭﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻋﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ ﺠﻌﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺩﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻶﺜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ . ﻭﻻﺘﺯﺍل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺘﻬﻴﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺤﻘﺔ ﻫﺩﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﻤل ﻫﻭ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﻹﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺭﻭﺙ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﻪ . ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻤﺩﺭﻭﺱ ، ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ، ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﻭﺭﻭﺜﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﻴﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ، ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻴﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ ، ﻭﻤﺎﺯﺍﻟﺕ ﻤﺤﺘﻔﻅﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻗﻭﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﻭﻀﺎﻋﻬﺎ ، ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺜﺭﻭﺓ ﻗﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺜﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻥ ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻪ .إقرأ المزيد من هنا
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