ITAN
Integrated Territorial Analysis of the Neighbourhoods
Scientific Report - Annexes
Applied Research 2013/1/22
Final Report | Version 11/03/2015
ANNEXES
1. The ITAN Work Packages 622
2. Glossary: ITAN main notions 624
3. Data: List of indicators developed and dataset provided 630
4. Data: Harmonisation process: statistical treatments for proxies’ identification 631
5. Data: Detailed figures on international flows between Europe and its Neighbourhoods 643
6. Maps: Mapping guide 657
7. Maps: Administrative maps of the ENCs (Oblasts, Governorates, Districts, Regions …) 680
8. Country reports of the South-Eastern and Mediterranean Neighbourhoods 694
9. List of sources 1042
10. References 1046
11. Dissemination: List of the publications of the ITAN TPG members 1061
12. Dissemination: A territorial analysis of Ukraine 1063
2. Glossary:
ITAN main notions This section sums up the available definition of the main notions used in ITAN. It is not an academic discussion on the various meaning mobilised by the authors, but a simple description of the sense in which we use the term in the project to make it clear for the reader.
2.1. ITAN general key notions
Region
In the social sciences, a REGION is a cohesive area that is homogeneous in selected criteria, and is a part of a greater set (a part of the Earth, in geography). A region is distinguished from an area, which is usually a broader concept designating a portion of the surface of the Earth: area boundaries are arbitrary, established for convenience, whereas regional boundaries are determined by the cohesiveness of the section. The criteria can be related to the actual set and interaction of activities (“functional region”), or to the institutional boundaries (“institutional region”) or a mix. Defining functional region is controversial: how establishing where a region ends or what criteria (cultural, commercial, historical…) forms a region? For instance Samuel Huntington’s work dramatically divides Europe and the Arab-Muslim word, whereas many researches including former ESPON projects consider that the two sides of the Mediterranean belong to the same word region. In ITAN’s sense, a region is a grouping of countries sharing common stakes and projects in the same geographically specified area. The question raised is to know up to what neighbouring territories the “European region” goes. However the ITAN project also uses the term of region to speak of the infra-national subdivision of a country, which can be misleading.
Regionalism
REGIONALISM has several meanings in social sciences. It can be the system of dividing a city, a state or another territory into separate administrative regions. It can be the expression peculiar to a area, or even a devotion to the interests of one's own region. In political science it means a political ideology that focuses on the interests of a particular region. The ITAN project uses it in the meaning of international relations, where it means a common purpose combined with the implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective action within a geographical region. In particular, we consider it through the Regional Trade Agreements that shape the word regions since the 1990s when there has been an surge of new and reinvigorated existing regional organisations (EU, NAFTA, Mercosur, the Arab League, ASEAN, many groupings within Africa and so on).
Regionalisation
Globalisation and REGIONALISATION are two key defining features of the contemporary world geography. They are not completely new processes, but it can be said there was a (re)emergence of both processes in relevance and intensity since the 1980s and especially during the 1990s after the end of the Cold War. Regionalisation is the tendency to form regions, due to the specific advantages of proximity. It is often used in opposition to globalisation, and then means a world that is less widely connected and homogenous, with a stronger regional focus.
Regional integration
REGIONAL INTEGRATION is a twofold process: (i) the process by which several countries get relatively more and more linked (culturally, commercially, financially…) to one another, compared to their relation with the rest of the world, that is to say the regionalisation process; (ii) the process in which States enter into a regional agreement in order to enhance cooperation through regional institutions and rules, that is to say regionalism. The key issue is to measure de degree of such integration, which is generally made according to three approaches: the measure of the structural likeness of the constituting areas (e.g. level of development); the geography of their interaction (to check their preferential connexion); the measure of how far the composing areas met the nominal objectives of their political gathering.
Another key question is to qualify the regionalisation integration as a “shallow” or as a “deep” integration. SHALLOW REGIONAL INTEGRATION is the reduction or elimination of tariffs, quotas and other barriers to trade in goods and services at the border, such as trade-limiting customs procedures. By contrast, DEEP REGIONAL INTEGRATION refers to economic integration that goes well beyond removal of formal barriers to trade, and includes various ways of reducing the international burden of differing national regulations, such as mutual recognition and standards harmonisation.
Neighbourhoods
In social sciences and in geography in particular, a NEIGHBOURHOOD is the area or region around some place, often with an idea of making an actual or potential community since neighbourhoods are often territories or social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members. The term has been highly enhanced since the rise of the regionalisation, generally speaking in the sense of the periphery of the prominent poles of the Triad (USA, western Europe, Japan). In each of these regions, the geographical definition of the region, thus of the neighbourhoods, is at stake; for instance in what is called the East Asian project, should Australia and New Zealand be considered as exterior to the region, as neighbours, or as a part of the industrialised pole along with Japan (and Korea, Taiwan and Singapore) surrounded by developing neighbour countries? The “ASEAN plus Five” process (that is, plus China, Korea, Japan, and now New Zealand and Australia) substantiate the last option.
Launched in 2007, the ENP seeks to tie developing surrounding countries who seek to become more closely integrated with the economy of the European Union. The official list of the European Neighbour Countries (from Russia to Morocco, Caucasian states included but Turkey excluded since it became officially a candidate country in 2005) is given on the European commission’s web site (http://ec.europa.eu/world/enp/index_en.htm).
ITAN PROJECT’S NEIGHBOUR COUNTRIES differ slightly from the ENP’s list. The Caucasian countries are covered but only for basic data and only at national scale (Georgia is taken into account in the Black Sea case study), northern countries such as Faroe Islands are included (yet not analysed in the same way as Russia or South Mediterranean neighbour countries), Turkey is a part of the Mediterranean Neighbourhood, Western Balkans countries make up the South-Eastern Neighbourhood (yet they are actual or potential candidate countries). In the project we write Neighbourhood with a capital “N” when we consider ITAN’s geographical breakdown between Northern, Eastern, South-Eastern, and Southern (or Mediterranean) Neighbourhoods, and when we refer to the European Neighbourhood Policy; in all the other cases, we write the word without a capital letter. In the project, “ENCs” means European Neighbour Countries; “ENRs” means European Neighbour Regions (in the meaning of infra-national local territories).
Wider European region
The wider European region is the region which encompasses the ESPON countries (see its definition in the Glossary) and their neighbourhoods. We call it “European” because (western) Europe is the major pole of this area. But indeed, the “neighbour” countries would not easily accept to be considered as simple neighbours, and to belong to a common region which would be called “European”. Thus, this notion of wider European region is centred in the mental framework of Europeans.
ESPON space
It encompasses 27 EU Member States, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland, that is to say the countries which contributes financially and politically to the ESPON gathering. We say “UE27” because at the beginning of the ITAN project, Croatia was not yet EU member.
Read and download
ليست هناك تعليقات:
إرسال تعليق