URBAN SPRAWL AND ITS NEGATIVE
EFFECTS ON JEDDAH
A RESEARCH PAPER
SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE MASTERS OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
BY
MOHAMMED HAMZAH BAHAYDAR
DR. DEBORAH A. MIDDLETON – ADVISOR
BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA
MAY, 2013
Table of Contents
List of Figures ............................................................................................................. 7
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................... 11
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 11
Need for Research ..................................................................................................... 13
Objective of Research and the Methodology ............................................................ 14
What do you Know About Jeddah? .......................................................................... 15
CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................. 16
Migration....................................................................................................................... 17
External Migration .................................................................................................... 17
Causes and Motivations of Migration to Jeddah....................................................... 18
Impacts of Migration................................................................................................. 19
Internal Migration ..................................................................................................... 21
Reasons of Internal Migration .................................................................................. 21
City Center of Jeddah................................................................................................ 22
Capacity and Pattern of the New Urban Areas ......................................................... 23
Infrastructure ................................................................................................................. 25
Capacity of Water Supply ......................................................................................... 25
Sewage Network ....................................................................................................... 28
Storm Water Network ............................................................................................... 31
Flood Hazard of Jeddah ............................................................................................ 32
Causes of the Disaster ............................................................................................... 36
Consequences ............................................................................................................ 36
Power Supply in Jeddah ............................................................................................ 37
Telecommunication Services in Jeddah .................................................................... 38
Summary of Infrastructure Issues ............................................................................. 39
Car Dependency and its Negative Effects .................................................................... 40
Possible Reasons for High Car Dependency ............................................................ 40
The Impacts of High Car Dependency...................................................................... 48
Traffic Congestion .................................................................................................... 49
Air Pollution.............................................................................................................. 50
Road Accidents and Fatalities ................................................................................... 52
CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 53
Redevelopment Project of Ruwais Area ....................................................................... 54
City Center Jeddah Development ................................................................................. 60
King Abdullah Economic City...................................................................................... 64
The Key Features of KAEC: Six Comprehensive Elements .................................... 65
Future Projects .......................................................................................................... 68
Summary ................................................................................................................... 70
Limiting the Migration .............................................................................................. 70
Improvement of Infrastructure .................................................................................. 70
Reduce the Car Dependency ..................................................................................... 71
CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................. 72
Spatial Analysis Methodology ...................................................................................... 72
Analysis of Physical Space - Ruwais ............................................................................ 74
Organization of Land - Spatial Structure (global – local)......................................... 75
Analysis of Existing Conditions (spatial structure) .................................................. 77
Transportation ........................................................................................................... 77
Infrastructure ............................................................................................................. 78
Proposal for the Ruwais Project ................................................................................ 78
Spatial Structure ........................................................................................................ 79
Transportation ........................................................................................................... 82
Summary of Spatial Analysis (Analysis Findings) ................................................... 82
Analysis of Social Space ............................................................................................... 83
Public Space .............................................................................................................. 83
Population Density .................................................................................................... 85
Social Identity ........................................................................................................... 86
CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................. 88
Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 88
Summary of Study Results........................................................................................ 89
Future Recommendations ............................................................................................. 91
Directions for Further Study and Development Priorities ........................................ 91
References ..................................................................................................................... 93
List of Figures
Figure 1. Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Location Map.………………………….………………15
Figure 2. The Growth of the City………………………………………..…………….....20
Figure 3. Saudi Arabian Cities Grow…………………………………………………….21
Figure 4. City Center (Al Balad) Isolated from the Rest of the City………...…………..23
Figure 5. Water Distribution Network in Jeddah………………………………………...27
Figure 6. Water Consumption and Supply Capacity…………………………………….28
Figure 7. Sewage and Storm Water Network in Jeddah…………………………………29
Figure 8. Wastewater Production and Treatment Capacity……………………………...30
Figure 9. A Channel Collecting Storm Water………………………………...……….....31
Figure 10. Flooding in Jeddah, November 2009…………………………………………33
Figure 11. Flooding in Jeddah, November 2009…………………………………………33
Source: Alriyadh.com http://www.alriyadh.com/net/article/598482
Figure 12. Watersheds Map of Jeddah Region and Valleys……………………………..34
Figure 13. Flooded Zones in Jeddah Region (November 2009) with Five Damage
Categories……………………………………...………………………………………...35
Figure 14. Example Showing Flooded Zone as Identified from IKONOS Image…..…...37
Figure 15. Power Consumption and Generation Capacity………..……………………...38
Figure 16. Summary of Infrastructure Issues…………...………………………………..40
Figure 17. Population Densities within Jeddah…………………………………………..43
Figure 18. Regional Transport Network…………………………………………………45
Figure 19. Distribution of Unplanned Settlements and Vacant Land Around Jeddah…...47
Figure 20. Top 10 Biggest Oil Consumption Countries in Year 2009 (Thousands Barrels
Per Day).....………………………………………………………………………………48
Figure 21. Traffic Congestion in Different Times a Day………………………………...50
Figure 22. Air Pollution in Jeddah (2000-2004)…………………………………………51
Figure 23. Traffic Accidents in Jeddah…………………………………………………..52
Figure 24. Redevelopment Project of Ruwais Area……………………………………...55
Figure 25. Redevelopment Project of Ruwais Area……………………………………...56
Figure 26. Redevelopment Project of Ruwais Area……………………………………...57
Figure 27. Redevelopment Project of Ruwais Area……………………………………...58
Figure 28. Redevelopment Project of Ruwais Area……………………………………...59
Figure 29. Redevelopment Project of Ruwais Area……………………………………...59
Figure 30. City Center Jeddah Development…………………………………………….63
Figure 31. King Abdullah University (KAUST)………………………………………...66
Figure 32. King Abdullah Economic City……………………………………………….67
Figure 33. King Abdullah Economic City Master Plan…………………………………68
Figure 34. Summary of Ruwais, JCD, and KAEC Projects……………………………...69
Figure 35. Organization of Land (Current Situation)……………………………………76
Figure 36. Organization of Land (Current Situation)……………………………………76
Figure 37. Road Network (Current Situation)……………………………………….......77
Figure 38. Redevelopment Project of Ruwais area………………………………………79
Figure 39. Road Network (Proposal Project)…………………………………………….80
Figure 40. Organization of Land (Proposal Project)……………………………………..80
Figure 41. Organization of Land (Proposal Project)……………………………………..81
Figure 42. Before and After the Proposal Project………………………………………..83
Figure 43. Public Space (Proposal Project)………………………………………….......84
Figure 44. Public Space (Proposal Project)……………………………………………...84
Figure 45. Systematic Number of Mosques in Each Neighborhood……………….……85
Figure 46. Current Situation of Ruwais Neighborhood Areas…………………..……….86
Figure 47. Current Situation of Ruwais Neighborhood Areas………………..………….86
ABSTRACT
RESEARCH PAPER: Urban Sprawl and its Negative Effects on Jeddah
STUDENT: Mohammed Hamzah Bahaydar
DEGREE: Masters of Urban and Regional Planning
COLLEGE: Architecture and Planning
DATE: May, 2013
PAGES: 94
Urban sprawl is considered a major issue in Saudi Arabia due to its impact on all the government sectors. This study presents three main facets that affect urban sprawl:
unplanned migration, weak infrastructure, and car dependency. Migration generates significant growth beyond the current absorptive capacity and future demand of the city.
In addition, migration generates unorganized population distribution, which leads to multiple city centers forming resulting in an unclear city center. Weakness in services in some urban areas also result due to the emergence of unplanned settlements.
Infrastructure is affected by this significant and rapid growth, which leads to inadequate services that do not meet the residents' needs, resulting in a deteriorating quality of life.
Car dependency has many negative effects including traffic congestion, air pollution, road accidents and fatalities, and decline in public health. The weakness of public transport furthers this problem. The aim of this thesis is to discuss how the negative impacts of urban sprawl are affecting Jeddah Saudi Arabia specific to each axis, present a review of the literature, and evaluate a proposed new development project which aims to restructure an unplanned settlement as a case study.
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