مناخ شمال غرب ليبيا
دراسة في الجغرافيا المناخية
رسالة مقدمة لنيل
درجة الدكتوراه في الآداب من قسم الجغرافيا
كلية الآداب - جامعة عين شمس
إعداد الطالب
نجم الدين فرج علي بَقَّصْ
إشراف
أ.د. عبد العزيز عبد اللطيف يوسف
أستاذ الجغرافيا الطبيعية
كلية الآداب - جامعة عين شمس
د. أحمد عبد الحميد الفقي
مدرس الجغرافيا المناخية
كلية الآداب - جامعة عين شمس
Summary
Of the Study Entitled
Climate of North Western Libya – A Study in
Climatic Geography
Prepared By
Negm El-Din Farag Ali Boqus
Supervised By
Prof. Dr. Abdel Aziz Abdel Latif Youssef & Dr. Ahmed Abdel Hamid El Faqi
Abstract:
The study addressed the climatic aspect of north western Libya situated between latitudes 27 & 33 10’ North and longitudes 17 & 9 27’ east, bounded by the Mediterranean in the north and by the Libyan – Tunisian borders and Libyan Algerian borders in the west. On the eastern and southern sides there are Libyan territories.
The Study Zone is one of the most important Libyan areas, since it includes most of the population and vast agricultural and pastoral areas, especially in the northern parts.
Accordingly, this zone has a crucial importance to Libya and hence the study of its climatic conditions is important, for the climatic conditions affects the human planning since it impact the geographic distribution of fauna and flora, the industrial and agricultural activities and means of transportation.
The Study was divided into 6 chapters which include 4 axes.
Following the introduction and literature review, the First Chapter discusses the factors affecting the Study Zone climate.
This Chapter is considered the first axis that must be well studied before detailing the climatic elements and the accompanying phenomena, in order to understand the geographic distribution of these elements and the resulting phenomena.
It was discovered that the factors affecting the climate are geographic factors (such as the geographic location, terrain topography, distance from water bodies, and plant coverage density), and climatic factors such as the distribution of air depressions and pressure zones during year seasons; this in addition to the air currents and Sun spots.
The Second Axis addressed the different climatic elements distributed over 3 Chapters:
Chapter 2 studied solar distribution and temperature.
Solar radiation is considered the motive force for the other elements.
The factors affecting the solar radiation were discussed together with the solar shining hours and the total solar radiation distribution within the Study Zone. As for temperature, the study discussed the monthly, seasonal and annual distribution of the average daily temperatures and the thermal range expressed by the difference between the average temperature of the hottest and coldest months of the year.
Chapter 2 also listed the monthly and annual distribution of the average maximum and minimum temperatures and their monthly differences (monthly thermal range).
Chapter 3 of the Study (which is the second chapter of this axis) addressed air pressure and winds.
The monthly, seasonal and annual distribution of air pressure and also the wind prevailing directions and speeds were addressed.
The sand storms resulting from theses winds were also discussed.
Chapter 4 addressed the rest of the climatic elements represented by evaporation, humidity, condensation and precipitation in this natural order. The possible and actual evaporation/transpiration rates and the geographical distribution of the evaporation were discussed. Seasonal and annual relative humidity rates were also discussed.
In Chapter 4, condensation forms were addressed.
There are mainly two forms: surface condensation in the form of fog and dew, and the upper condensation in the form of clouds. The last element studied in Chapter 4 was rain precipitation.
The monthly, seasonal and annual rain distribution, rain amount and intensity were examined.
The number of rainy days was listed and the maximum amount of rain registered / day / month, and accordingly the amount of rain during each month was indicated.
At the end of this axis, all these elements were integrated together within a framework that embodies their interaction in the Study Zone through the calculation of the climatic water balance of the Study Zone.
The researcher calculated the water deficit, water loss and water excess in the Study Zone. Also, the soil humidity and surface flow was estimated. The Third Axis of the Study was represented in Chapter 5.
It dealt with climatic change of the Study Zone through the study of the change in the three primary elements:
Temperature, air pressure and rain precipitation which affect the other climatic elements and the climate aspects as a whole.
The Fourth Axis was discussed in Chapter 6 of the Study and it addressed the most important climatic divisions to which appertains the Study Zone climate according to the Zone location relative to the standard climatic classifications such as Coben, Dimarton and Ivanov Classifications.
The researcher attempted also to determine a comprehensive classification for most of the climatic principles, and it was concluded that there are 8 climatic branches within the Study Zone.
The most important conclusions of the Study were that: the climate of the Study Zone is represented by three climatic models: semi-humid climate, semi-arid climate and arid climate.
Also, it was concluded that Gherian and Tripoli areas have very humid climate.
The humidity decreases as we moved away from these two areas, especially in the southern direction where Sabha is located which is very arid.
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