التلوث البيئي في مدينة البصرة
أطروحة تقدم بها
شكري إبراهيم الحسن
إلى
مجلس كلية الآداب في جامعة البصرة
وهي جزء من متطلبات نيل درجة الدكتوراه فلسفة
في الجغرافيا - تخصص: بيئة وتلوث
بإشراف
الأستاذ الدكتور
داوّد جاسم الربيعي
مشرفاً أول
الأستاذ الدكتور
حامد طالب السعد
مشرفاً ثانياً
1432هـ - 2011م
Environmental Pollution
in Basra City, Iraq
A Thesis
Submitted to the Council of the
College of Arts, University of Basra, Iraq
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of
Ph.D. Degree in Geography, Environmental and Pollution Science
By
Shukri I. Al-Hassen,
B.A. in Geography,
M.A. in Environmental Geography
Supervised by
Prof. Dr
Dawod J. Al-Rubaiay
Prof. Dr
Hamid T. Al-Saad
1432 H. - 2011 A.D
Environmental Pollution in Basra City
Abstract
The present study aims to investigating and analyzing environmental pollution in Basra City, southern Iraq. It is divided into five chapters: the first chapter deals with water pollution, the second chapter with air pollution, the third chapter with soil and land contamination, the fourth chapter is on noise pollution, while the fifth chapter is on visual pollution. Each chapter discusses the problem in terms of its definition, concentrations, causes, health impacts, as well as their solutions. Thus, many of samples and measurements from selected sites of the study area were collected and carried out during 2009.This study concluded with the following findings:
1- Water Pollution: there are obvious spatial and temporal variations in pollutant concentrations in both fluvial (Shatt Al-Arab River, Swage Mainstream, Al-Rubat, Al- Khandak, Al-Ashar, and Al-Khorah Creeks) and tap water within the study area. In general, water salinity, major elements, and bacteriological indicators have increased during summer and autumn more than winter and spring. In the meantime, heavy metals and hydrocarbons increased during winter more than they did the summer, with some exceptions. Often, water quality indicators greatly exceeded the WHO acceptable standards. Therefore, the unsuitability of freshwater quality may posed a threat to the human health.
However, a variety of urban activities such as domestic, municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastewater effluents, may have played an important role as main sources to water contamination in the study area, along with the combined regional natural and human factors.
2- Air Pollution: detected values on gaseous pollutants in the study area atmosphere have showed a significant increase, particularly during winter, in carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfate dioxide (SO2) concentrations, whereas ozone (O3) and petroleum hydrocarbons (HCs) concentrations increased in summer. The gaseous pollutant levels rise in the highly populated and commercially dense districts, such as Ashar, Al-Basrah Al-Qadimah, and Khamisah Mile, as well as in municipal land uses like main dumpsite. It is significantly reduced in a agricultural and residential districts, such as Al-Baradithyah. The most of recorded values, including total suspended particulates (TSP) and lead particles (Pb), exceeded the acceptable exposure levels. Thus, the air quality in Basra's urban atmosphere is deteriorating so represent a hazard to human health and welfare.
The gaseous emissions released from many sources, such as industrial smokestacks, power station emissions, vehicle exhaust, and other urban emissions, considered to be a major contributor to air pollution in the study area. The prevailing meteorological conditions, however, in the study area perhaps give rise to higher air pollutant concentrations.
3- Soil and Land Contamination: the field observation has showed that the study area suffers, particularly, from solid waste and garbage dumping. It, widely and harmfully, spreads across the most of residential quarters, commercial and industrial districts, and streets.
Laboratory findings showed to that there was an increase in electrical conductivity (E.C) of soil extracts in many of studied sampling sites. It ranged, according to USDA classification, from moderate to very strong salinity. The pH ranged from slightly acid to neutral category to slightly alkaline category, in general. In the meantime, heavy metals and total hydrocarbons in soil samples have been high that they have exceeded the recommended standard levels, particularly during winter. The higher polluted sampling sites are located in main dumpsite (municipal land use), Hamdaan industrial district (industrial land use), Al-Baradithyah (agricultural and residential land use), northern gate (yet unexploited land), Al- Qublah (commercial land use), southern gate (agricultural land use), Al-Hayyaniyah (residential land use), Ashar (commercial land use), Al- Jumhuriyah (commercial land use), Al-Maqal (residential land use), western gate (yet unexploited land), respectively; whereas the lower polluted sampling site is an a point of reference (yet unexploited land) which is located outside any urban activity.
In addition to natural influences, the most important reasons for soil and land pollution in the study area are rise in the standard of living, population growth, inadequate cleanup, and popular unawareness.
4- Noise Pollution: it is one of the major pollutants in the study area. The field survey has been carried out to measure noise levels of many sectors within the urban area. The findings have shown that there are significant spatial and temporal variations in noise levels, and that the recorded levels in traffic, commercial, industrial, residential, and even in hospital sectors; it exceeded the WHO recommended exposure levels. According to the intensity scale of sound pressure levels (SPL), the noise levels in the study area ranged from moderately loud to very loud; thus leading to damage of human health after long exposure.
In particular, the most important emissions of noise pollution in the study area are caused by power generator sounds, horns and traffic, loud conversation and outcries as well.
5- Visual Pollution: the visually deformed features in the study area have been observed. The discussion of visual pollution has been conducted on tow scientific bases: first; on the so-called color disharmony basis, and second; on the so-called physical chaos basis. On the first basis, many of visually deformed features have been observed, such as flashlight colors on billboards and plastic posters, ugly paints of building fronts, and distorting natural colors. In respect of the second basis, visually deformed features which observed were included in inharmonic building designs, confusing presentation of goods and commodities, horrid garbage dumps and misshaped natural landscape.
The conclusion is that urban landscape of the study area is obviously exposed to a visual clutter, it may leaded to resentment and psychological syndromes on residents and visitors alike.
In brief, the urban environmental quality of Basra City is increasingly deteriorating as a result of a variety of driving forces, such as population increase, urban expansion, economic growth acceleration, lack of infrastructure, popular unawareness, and government negligence of environmental management. The environmental pollution may had a major impact on human health in the study area. Whether short-term and longterm management decisions taken to solve of the problem; the challenge would to be greatest in the near future.
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