Using GIS and remote sensing technique to show the historical geomorphology and water management of the Assyrian civilization
Fawaz Hameed Hammo Al- Naish . PhD Collage of Education / Mosul University Mosul Iraq
Protection of environment and water quality: the basis for agricultural production, Food Security and sustainable development - 2012
abstract:-
The end of Assyrian kingdom was in( 612 B c) , they ruled about 3000 years , their capitals were located in northern part of Iraq .This part still in area which determinate by erosion system of rivers such as Tigris River, Al_Koaser River, Great Zab River etc.
No doubt the ancient civilization of Iraq were depending upon agriculture . From this above observations as well as by the help of resent technique this research might be showing us to that vast management of water and their ways which used at that time for uplifting water when absence of machines were there .
This paper will show the methods used at that time for managing water either for agriculture nor for irrigation , such methods will support by many maps and images to remove the haziness which are surrounding it today .
The important result of this paper lead us that : there were high technique for managing water in time of Assyrian to cover all that areas surrounding their capitals in north of Iraq which now this areas suffering to do such projects. In the areas having erosion actions otherwise whole of it will buried and will not guide to such research as in southern parts of Iraq .
الجيومورفولوجيا التاريخية و إدارة الأحواض المائية لدى الأشوريون بدلالة نظم المعلومات الجغرافية والتحسس النائي
الملخص :-
نهاية الفترة الأشورية عند سقوط نينوى سنة (612) قبل الميلاد و التي دامت أكثر من ثلاثة آلاف سنة ، اقتصرت عواصمهم التي كانت تقع في الجزء الشمالي من العراق الحالي في المنطقة التي لا تزال تشهد أنهارها عمليات تعرية كنهر دجلة ونهر الخوصر و نهر الزاب الكبير (الأعلى) .
من المؤكد أن الحضارة العراقية القديمة كانت حضارة زراعية و من خلال ما جاء أعلاه من ملاحظات فضلاً عن الدلالة الحديثة للتقانة الحالية لربما سوف يرينا البحث الحالي الإدارة الواسعة للري الأشوري والطرق الكفيلة التي استخدمت في رفع ونقل المياه عندما كان لا يوجد مكنة آنذاك .
هذا البحث سوف يرينا إدارة الأحواض المائية في تلك الفترة للإرواء أو للزراعة من خلال عدة خرائط معدة لهذا الغرض والتي سوف تزيل الضبابية التي تدور حول قسم منها . وجد من خلال هذا البحث وجود تكنيك عالي لدى الأشوريون في إدارة الأحواض المائية حول عواصمهم في شمال العراق والتي تعاني اليوم لمثل هذه المشاريع ، في منطقة تحتوي على التعرية أكثر من الترسيب و إلا جميعها سوف تندثر ولا نحصل على دليل كمثل هذه الدراسة .
Introduction:-
Most capitals or large cities of Mesopotamian civilizations were located near the sources of the main rivers . The trace of their irrigation systems project through aerial technique are nether buried by depositions action nor eroded through valleys action to lift away the main channels of rivers in these days ,both above geomorphological actions will lead to un-continues of that irrigation projects or slaking.
The most famous project of irrigation in ancient of Iraq time was the hanging Garden ,the way of its irrigation still unknown up to this time . This studding aim to showing the uplifting and management of the water of one civilization of Mesopotamian culture that is the Assyrian one . This study depending upon recent technology as well as to field work as a result of geomorphological action, the evident of it will seemed as trace from that time till now .
The Assyrian civilization which lactated on northern part of Tigris River in Iraq this part considering as sub folded areas which need higher technique to control the water management of it. The Assyrian depended upon their higher knowledge which most of it are uncovered till now . The king Sennacherib (705- 681 b c ) negating the idea which say ( the discharge of their water nor the rainfall was more ) as he indicated in his inscriptions near the beginning of the one of his projects to irrigate Nineveh .(( The fields of Nineveh were dried as grave , when there were no water to its peoples to irrigate their fields they started looking towards sky waiting for rains……)) (Sousa, Ahmed 1986).
The Assyrians had four capitals Assur, Durshrukeen, Kalhuo, and Nineveh for e.g. they irrigated all area surrounding Nineveh in same way happened to all of those above capitals . The irrigated area around Nineveh reached more than 2000 square km at that time, which located in north and north east of resent Mosul city to managing water to their capital Nineveh , that happened through joining valleys with each other’s and constructional many different types of dams. Some of those dams were to storage water nor some of them to change the directions of their irrigation cannels at that time . No doubt the source of that water was out of the main river as Tigris although it was located directly on it , due to the height in level of Nineveh with comparative to Tigris, So that we can divided these irrigation projects into two types; the First one the projects out of the bands of Tigris River and the projects on the bands of Tigris River.
The water management out of the bands of Tigris River ...
Conclusion:-
As a result of this studding
This paper showing general irrigation system of Assyrian of age mor than 3000 years on the Tigris River which it was in the resent northern part of Iraq which lead us to.
The area of Assyrian irrigation Projects considered as the largest one among all the ancient irrigation Projects which reached for Nineveh only to ( 1904.86 square kilometres) as well as to capitals Assur, and Kalhuo while Durshrukeen included extension of Nineveh projects .
The fluvial plain of Iraq divide into two geomorphical zones that are erosional one in northern part of Iraq and depositional one in southern part of it , when the studying area located in the erosion on this paper dominating the idea that the Assyrian slaking projects should visible by aerial images and photographs which it will be higher in elevation than the resent running water in these case such projects will be lift its cannels above main rivers level or its tributaries, while in southern part of Iraq will be buried by the depositional materials.
References :-
Al- Naish , Fawaz H.H. & Jarjees , Asmaa K. (2010) “ Technique of Senncherib projects To slaking antique Nineveh city show it cast of Geographic Information System (GIS) “ , TiKrit University, Journal for Humanities, unpublished .
Al- Naish , Fawaz H.H. & Sultan , Tariq F. (2006) “Abbasian irrigation projects in resent Qaddah of Mosul/ study in historical geomorphology” , Tikrit University , Journal for Humanities, Vol. 13, No. 6 , PP. 530-550.
Al-Naish , Fawaz H. H. ( 2000) .”The resent geomorphology of Tigris river emboss an Iraqi irrigation system belong to about 3000 years in front of historical city Kalhu “ , Fifth serial conferences ,central of water resources & dams , Mosul university , Mosul Iraq , April 2000 , pp 313-325 .
Jason UR (2003) , “ Sannacherib’s northern Assyrian canals : new insights from satellites imagery and aerial photography” Nineveh, Rencontre Assyriologique International, London, July , Publish by the British School of Archaeology in Iraq. Pp.318-345.
Oates ,David 1968 , “Studied in the Ancient History of Northern Iraq” . British Academy , London . pp 176.
Sousa, Ahmed(1986) , “ History of Mesopotamian Civilization “ , in the light of irrigation agricultural projects , Recent archaeological discoveries and historical sources”, Vol. 2nd, Al Huriya printing house , Baghdad, Iraq .p442.
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