الدوائر الانتخابية بمحافظة الغربية
دراسة تطبيقية في الجغرافيا السياسية
باستخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية GIS
رسالة مقدمة لنيل درجة الدكتوراه في الآداب
من قسم الجغرافيا ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية
بكلية الآداب - جامعة كفر الشيخ
إعداد
أحمد محمد محمد أبو عجيزة
إشراف
أ.د. محمد أحمد محمود مرعي
أستاذ الجغرافيا ووكيل كلية الآداب
جامعة كفر الشيخ
أ.د. محمد زكي حامد السديمي
أستاذ ورئيس قسم الجغرافيا بكلية الآداب
جامعة طنطا
An Applied Study in Political Geography
Using Geographical Information Systems
(GIS)
Submitted for the Attainment of ( PhD) Degree from the Geography and Geographical Information Systems dept
Faculty of Arts
Kafrelsheikh University
Prepared by
Ahmed Mohamed Mohamed Abo Agiza
Under the Supervision of
Prof.
Mohamed Ahmed Marey
Professor & the Head of geography dept & the Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Kafrelsheikh University
Prof.
Mohamed Zake El-Sademy
Professor & the Head of geography dept , Faculty of Arts Tanta University
2009 - 1430
Abstract
The study consists of five chapters in addition to the introduction that contains the general geographic features of the study region and the general features of the election systems in Egypt.
The first chapter is handling the placement organization of the constituencies in Gharbia governorate, through studying the development of dividing the constituencies in the governorate within three elections stages in the Egyptian election system. Besides, studying the geographic distribution of the constituencies in the governorate as for the space, administrational component, the committees, and election locations.
The chapter concludes with the result that the geographic distribution type of the constituencies in the governorate is so contrastive in many places; there are no considerations for the equality of spaces and administrational components of the constituencies.
As a result, there is no consideration for the equality of opportunities between the candidates to have some kind of justice and equality as for the locations covered by their election campaigns, consequently the burdens of their costs and efforts to call the inhabitants and electors, besides meeting the demands and priorities of the administrational components of the constituencies.
It was not put into mind also the distribution of the secondary committees and their election locations in the study region, as they were not subjected to enough balance and justice between the governorate constituencies, on the contrary they were varying as the security entities did not apply any neutralism on the distribution.
Second Chapter, The Demographic Organization of the Constituencies in Gharbiya Governorate, studied the development of the electors' numbers on the level of the governorate and the constituencies. Rather than studying the geographic distribution of the electors in the constituencies as for the percentage of the record, election density, and their distribution on the committees and elections' locations.
The geographic distribution system of the electors in the study region is not representing with any how the majority of the population, hence, the elected legislation councils are not representing also the majority of the population. Furthermore, the elections tables are not reflecting the demographic real fact of the constituencies of the study region, but the inaccuracy of the elections tables and their falseness.
It was also obvious that the geographical distribution of the electors on the secondary committees is almost ideal, except for al-Santa constituency which needs redistribution, meaning that distribution of the electors on the secondary committees in the constituencies of the study region is almost balanced and neutral. It had been reported also from the geographical distribution of the electors on the election locations, that there is a clear trouble in the process of gathering the electors in the election locations, since this distribution was not consistent with the demographic and spatial standards of the constituency, but only the safety standards.
Third Chapter is about the affecting factors on the division of the constituencies in Gharbiya governorate, which are divided into political factors, represented in the legislation authority, election laws and the responsible authority of defining the constituencies . Furthermore, the geographical factors, represented in population size, electors, parliament representative percentages, administrational division, unity of benefits, geographical nearness, integration of constituency and easiness and efficiency of transportation network.
The chapter concludes with the result that governmental authority represented in the Ministry of the Interior has depended on four geographical factors when dividing the constituencies of Gharbiya governorate.
The authority believes that these factors may achieve the equality and neutral in the division if applied correctly, these factors are: The population size, the electors, administrational division, geographic nearness and transportation networks. As for the first factor, it has been revealed that the division of the constituencies in the study region has not achieved this factor in the required way to reach equality, justice and neutralism between inhabitants, electors, candidates and representatives. The second factor showed that dividing the constituencies of the study region according to the administrational divisions is completely typical with the local units and suburbs, while the connection with the administrational centers in some constituencies is in trouble.
Concerning the geographic nearness, it is obvious that it wasn't put into mind when dividing the constituencies, since the majority of them looked not integrated, besides the separation, intermittence, blending and projection of these constituencies sometimes. Mentioning the transportation network, most of these constituencies have effective transportation network, except for some which need reconsideration for their division, redistribution of their election committees' locations and redefining the locations with the suitable way that fits with the transportation network in the governorate to reach the maximum possible use of it.
The Fourth Chapter contains the practical study of the people's council's elections' 2005, which mentioned the general features of the people's council's elections' 2005 on the level of the republic, studying the elections of the people's council 2005 in the constituencies of Gharbia governorate, the candidates, their classifications, electoral competition, sharing in the voting, the results of the elections and their political classification. In addition to studying the case of the constituency of al-Mahala al-Kubra, the electoral organization, the demographic features of the electors, political
participation in the constituency, besides the political choice and voting motivators of the candidates.
The conclusion of this chapter refers to the fact that the results of the elections in the constituencies of the government came for the benefit of the Islamic party represented in Muslim Brothers' group, since they had ten seats, while the national dominant party has taken eight seats, eight other seats for the independents who joined the dominant party at the end, while the opposition parties' role has disappeared. It has been reported also from the study case, the increasing of males' participation in the voting in general, and decreasing of females' role in the elections of the constituency, especially in the urban area which supposed to have the big percentage of the positive role of the female in the elections. The voting of the percentage for the people at the age of 20 – 40 has increased, since this age level represents the youth who feel the problems of the constituency, hence they are the most positive people in the elections.
The constituency has witnessed many Christian electors, which contradicts the common notion of negativism of the Christian electors. The field study has showed the high educational level of the sample representing the electors of the constituency, the high percentage of the people with low income level of the sample representing the constituency, which indicates that the low income level and low economy are considered motivators for the electoral behavior of the person.
One of the chapter conclusions is that the electors in the countryside are more positive in the elections and political trends, while the urban participation is negative. In general, the main reason for the political participation in the constituency in both sides, is the desire for change and reformation. In the country, the personal relations, neighborhood and family relationships are the main features of the relation between the candidate and the elector.
In the city, it's the opposite, since the majority knows no thing about the candidate, only by hearing, which can be considered one of the reasons for the low percentage of voting there. The reasons for choosing the candidate in the city is not too different comparing to the country, the electors have voted for those who are more helpful for the people and who has a good reputation, those who voted for the Muslim Brothers were motivated by the religion. The national party wasn't chosen because it represents the government, since the electors don't trust the dominant party, its government and its candidates.
Chapter five is about the geographical division of the constituencies in the government, through evaluating the limits, dividing the constituencies and studying the geographical favoritism forms there. Besides, trying to reform and plan the constituencies in the government by suggesting the best suitable election system, and another suggestion to edit and divide the constituencies in the government.
There has been reported many types of the geographic favoritism in the study region, since there are many severe twists in the boards of some constituencies, which made them not defined, without a clear geographic reason to draw it that way. There are spatial differences between the constituencies, besides the injustice in dividing the constituencies as for the population or the electors.
As a result of this chapter has come the trial to reform and plan the constituencies in the study region in order to achieve the ideal distribution to reach the maximum level of the justice and equality in the study region. It was suggested to consider the election with the open percentage list which is known for the justice of dividing the constituencies, the parliament representative, equality of chances between the candidates and representing the minorities. It was also suggested to reform and plan the study region, according to the future predictions of the people's council 2010, with the least possible deviation from the ideal distribution according to the standards of administrational division, geographic nearness, justice of parliament representative, decreasing the difference between the constituencies' spaces, considering the centralism of the public constituency location, besides distributing the committees and locations according to the space and size of the constituency, with the suitable way that fits with the numbers of the future electors.
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المصدر : الجغرافيا العرب
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