Support to DG Environment for the development of the Mediterranean De-pollution Initiative “Horizon 2020”
Review of Ongoing and Completed Activities
Prepared for DG Environment
European Commission
Prepared for DG Environment European Commission
Contract No 070201/2006/436133/MAR/E3
LDK-ECO S.A.
Environmental Consultants
Off 21 Thivaidos str.
Athens GR 145 64
Greece
This document has been prepared for use within the Commission. It does not necessarily represent the Commission’s official position.
ABBREVIATIONS
ADA: Austria Development Agency
AECI: Spanish Agency for International Cooperation
AFD: Agence Française de Développement
AfDB: African Development Bank
AGCD: Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade & Development Cooperation
BAT: Best Available Techniques
BB: Baseline Budget
BITS: Swedish Agency for International Technical and Economic Cooperation
BMF: Federal Ministry of Finance - Germany
BMZ: Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development
BTC: Belgian Technical Cooperation
CA: Central Administration
CEDARE: Center of Environment and Development of the Arab Region and Europe
CIDA: Canadian International Development Agency
DAC: Development Assistance Committee
DANIDA: Danish International Development Agency
DFA: Department of Foreign Affairs - Ireland
DFID: Department for International Development
DGCS: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Italy, Directorate General for Development Cooperation
DGDC: Belgian Administration for Development Cooperation
EC: European Commission
EDUC: Ministry of Education, Culture & Sports, Spain
EEA: European Environment Agency
EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment
EIB: European Investment Bank
EMP: Euro-Mediterranean Partnership
EMWIS: Euro-Mediterranean Information System on the know-how in the Water sector
ENP: European Neighbouring Policy
ENPI: European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument
EPER: European Pollutant Emission Register
EU WI: European Union Water Initiative
EU: European Union FEMIP: Facility for Euro-Mediterranean Investment and Partnership
FF: Finnish Fund for Industrial Cooperation Ltd
FG: Finnish Government
FINNIDA: Finnish International Development Agency
GDP: Gross Domestic Product GEF: Global Environment Facility
GP: Portuguese Government
GPA: Global Programme of Action
GTZ: German Technical Cooperation (Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit)
ICO: Instituto de Credito Oficial
ICP: Portuguese Cooperation Institute
ICZM: Integrated Coastal Zone Management IE: Industrial emissions
IFC: International Finance Corporation (IFC)
IPPC: Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control ISWM: Integrated Solid Waste Management
JBIC: Japan Bank for International Cooperation
JICA : Japanese International Cooperation Agency
KfW : Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (German Construction Bank)
KfW: Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau
L.G.: Federal States & Local Governments - Germany
LA: Local Administration
MAE: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (France)
MAP: UNEP’s Mediterranean Action Plan
MC: Mediocredito Centrale
MDG: Millennium Development Goals
MED: Mediterranean
MENA: Middle East and North Africa
METAP: Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Programme
MFA: Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MINEFI: Ministry of Economy, Finance & Industry, France
MISC: Miscellaneous
MoE: Ministry of Environment
MOFA: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan
MSSD: Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development
MUNIC: Municipalities
NAPs: National Action Plans
NDA: National Diagnostic Analysis
NEAP: National Environmental Action Plan
NES: National Environmental Strategy
NGOs: Non-governmental Organizations
NIB: Nordic Investment Bank
NIP: National Indicative Programmes
NORAD: Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation
OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
POPs: Persistent Organic Pollutants
RBOs: Regional Branch Offices (of MSEA/EEAA)
SAP: UNEP’s Strategic Action Programme
SD: Sustainable Development
SDC: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
SECO: Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs
SIDA: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
SMAP: Short and Medium Term Environmental Action Programme
SMEs: Small and Medium Enterprices
SPFF: Federal Public Service Finance (or Official federal Service of Finance)
SWM: Solid Waste Management
TDA: US Trade and Development Agency
UNDP: United Nations Development Programme
UNEP: United Nations Environmental Programme
USAID: United States Agency for International Development UWW: Urban Wastewater
WB: World Bank
WSSD: World Summit on Sustainable Development
WWTPs : Wastewater Treatment Plants
YPEJ: Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Greece
1. INTRODUCTION
LDK-ECO Environmental Consultants SA (LDK-ECO) has been awarded by the European Commission DG Environment the contract “Support to DG Environment for the development of the Mediterranean De-pollution Initiative Horizon 2020”.
On the occasion of the 10th Anniversary of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership the re-orientation of actions offered the opportunity to refocus attention onto the longstanding EU objective of reducing pollution of the Mediterranean region. It was considered an appropriate time to launch a major, highly visible and ambitious initiative – Horizon 2020 - designed to improve the quality of life of the average citizen, by the de-pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by 2020. The goal of the Initiative is to tackle all the major sources of pollution including industrial emissions, municipal waste, and particularly urban wastewater. This initiative will improve the prospects for the development of tourism, contribute towards stemming the decline in local fishery stocks as well as will provide safe drinking water to millions of citizens.
With the strong support of the Finnish presidency of the EU, Euro-Mediterranean partners agreed on the declaration and endorsed the timetable of actions for the initial phase of Horizon 2020 up to 2013 at the 3rd Euro-Mediterranean Ministerial Conference on the Environment held in Cairo on 20 November 2006.
1.1 Objectives and description of the tasks of the study
Taking into account this interest, the objective of this contract is to provide support to DG Environment in the development of the roadmap for the Initiative Horizon 2020, which was presented for endorsement at the 3rd Euro-Mediterranean Ministerial Conference on the environment in Cairo on 20 November 2006.
The required work in order to accomplish this objective will focus on assistance to ensure effective preparation of the de-pollution roadmap, organisation of related meetings and provision of ongoing and substantive input to the work of the initiative. More specifically:
1. Review of ongoing and completed activities
2. Elaboration, development and implementation of the roadmap
3. Organisation and facilitation of meetings
4. Other support required
This report is the outcome of the first activity and provides:
• A list of ongoing and completed internationally and nationally funded activities and projects in the 10 Mediterranean countries .
• The hot spot areas and the major pollution sources from the urban wastewater, the municipal waste and the industrial emissions in each Mediterranean country .
• A gap assessment of the institutional arrangements and legal and regulatory instruments in each Mediterranean country .
• The main priorities and challenges in each Mediterranean country.
1.2 Scope and Methodology The work was focused on the Southern Mediterranean Partners covered by European Neighbouring Policy and more specifically on Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Palestinian Authority, Syria and Tunisia. Turkey has been excluded as it is involved in the EU enlargement process and Libya has been added in the investigation list, although it has the observer status since 1999.
The work was focused on the major pollution sources from urban wastewater, municipal waste and industrial emissions and on the ongoing and completed internationally and nationally funded activities and projects in the countries. However, the team also looked at the main key environmental policy instruments and legal and institutional arrangements in each partner country in order to each effectively address the challenges and emerging priorities.
The methodology for producing this report was based on:
• Extensive literature and web research
• Direct contacts and consultation with relevant agencies and experts
1.3 Structure of the report
The remainder of this report is structured as follows:
Section 2 – Context framework: This provides an overview of relevant programmes, initiatives and activities operating in the Mediterranean region.
Section 3 – Data collection: This provides the methodology used for data collection, as well as the kind of information the team sought after and the type of sources used in the research.
Section 4 –Mediterranean region review: This provides an overview of the current status of the Mediterranean sea, it addresses its key environmental problems due to urban wastewater, municipal solid waste and industrial emissions, appraises the institutional and legislative arrangements concerning the three fields and identifies some priorities and challenges in the region.
Section 5 - Country review: This provides an overview of the 10 Mediterranean partners in regards to the major sources of pollution from urban wastewater, municipal solid waste and industrial emissions, the institutional setting, legal framework, environmental policy and action programmes, completed and on-going projects, and finally some conclusions.
Section 6 – Successful examples of concrete pollution measures: This provides representative examples of projects that have been successful in tackling major environmental issues and managed to initiate concrete pollution reduction measures in the countries involved.
2. CONTEXT FRAMEWORK
2.1 Introduction
There is a strong interdependence between the counties bordering the Mediterranean Sea with pollution not knowing frontiers. Efforts are needed by all relevant international and national actors working in the Mediterranean in order to ensure the proper management and protection of their shared environment. They have recognised their interdependence with regard to environment, the need for a regional approach, increased co-operation, better co-ordination of existing multilateral programmes, as well as the importance of reconciling economic development with environmental protection, of integrating environmental concerns into the relevant aspects of economic policy and of mitigating the negative environmental consequences which might result. This is reflected on the wealth of environmental activities and regional initiatives that are ongoing in the region.
The major milestones taken in order to achieve sustainable development in the Mediterranean region can be summarised as follows:
1975:
Countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea and the European Union cooperate to improve their common Mediterranean environment under the MAP by signing the “Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean”. The Barcelona Convention was adopted on 16 February 1976 in Barcelona and entered into force on 12 February 1978.
1995:
The Barcelona Convention was revised and modified by amendments adopted on 10 June 1995 and entered into force 9 July 2004. The MAP’s remit was widened to include sustainable development and to be more actionoriented (MAP Phase II). The amended Convention is recorded as “Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean”. Launch of the Barcelona Process / EuroMediterranean Partnership
1996:
The Mediterranean Commission on Sustainable Development (MCSD) was established as an advisory body to MAP and as a forum for dialogue, for defining a regional sustainable development strategy for the Mediterranean. MAP Coordinating Unit acts as the Commission’s Secretariat.
1997:
The 1st Euro-Mediterranean Ministerial Conference on the Environment, held in Helsinki (28 November 1997), adopted the Short and Medium-Term Priority Environmental Action Programme (SMAP), a framework for policy in the field of environment in the Mediterranean region, linked with a funding scheme for activities in priorities areas.
2001:
The MCSD Strategic Review is the first self evaluation of MAP and MCSD assessing the political and institutional progress made towards sustainable development.
April 2002:
The 5th Euro-Mediterranean Foreign Ministers Conference held in Valencia reached agreement on an Action Plan to give a new impulse to the Barcelona Process.
July 2002:
The 2nd Euro-Mediterranean Ministerial Conference on the Environment (Athens, 10 July 2002) adopted a strategic framework for the environmental integration process in the perspective of sustainable development and decided to promote in Athens a joint approach to the Johannesburg World Summit on Sustainable Development (Athens Declaration).
2004:
Launching the European Neighbouring Policy, which reinforces the Barcelona Process .
April 2005:
Launch the 5 year work programme to reinforce the EMP .
September - November 2005:
10th Anniversary conference of the Barcelona Process. Adoption of the Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development. Launching the Initiative Horizon 2020. Celebration of the 30th anniversary of MAP.
November 2006:
3rd Euro-Mediterranean Ministerial Conference on the Environment, Cairo 20 November 2006.
Agreement on the declaration and endorsement of the timetable of actions for the initial phase of Horizon 2020 up to 2013.
This section will present the context framework in the Mediterranean region by providing an overview of the ongoing environmental initiatives in the region, including:
1. European Union framework
• The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP) and its Short and Medium Term Environmental Action Programme (SMAP)
• European Neighbouring Policy (ENP)
• The EU LIFE 3rd Countries Initiative • Other EU policies
• Initiative Horizon 2020
2. UNEP’s Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP), GEF and Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Development
3. The Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Programme (METAP) The section will then continue to identify and present the international bilateral and multilateral agencies active in the region, as well as their areas of activity and country in which they are active...
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