اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣوﺣد ﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎت اﻻﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎر ﻋن ﺑﻌد وﻧظم اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت
اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣراﻗﺑﺔ اﻟﺗﻐﻳرات اﻟﺑﻳﺋﻳﺔ لأﻫوار اﻟﻌراق اﻟﺟﻧوﺑﻳﺔ
ﺻﺑﺎح ﻧوري ﻛﺎظم - إﺳراء ﻗﺣطﺎن ﻋﺑد اﻟﻛرﻳم
ﺣﺳن ﺣﻣﻳد ﻛﺎطﻊ
اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻧﺻرﻳﺔ – ﻛﻠﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻠوم
ﻗﺳم ﻋﻠوم اﻟﺟو
ﻣﺟﻟﺔ ﻋﻟوم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻧﺻرﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺟﻟد 22 - اﻟﻌدد 4 - 2011
ABSTRACT
This study has been executed in order to make an inventory identify different land cover types in the marsh land region. many environmental changes had occur between 1973 and 2004 . these changes have been detected by using space images of (MSS)sensor aboard land sat 1 and en hand thematic mapper (ETM+) sensor aboard land sat 7.the (MSS) image represents the natural environment of the marshes in 1973 , while the (ETM+)image represents the results of man interference processes include drying out and reflooding . marsh ecosystem including soil vegetation and water characteristics have been affected severely by these processes .this study focused on differences in land use and land cover types as well as water bodies regarding area and water quality. digital image processing has been utilized to produce digital maps by supervised classification and Erdas v.(8.7) in Geographic information system (GIS)for 1973 and 2004 images we used global positioning system (GPS) for plotting test sites on the ground to represent land use /land cover and laboratory analyses for soil and water samples . the results of supervised classification revealed the existence of different spectral classes between 1973 and 2004 these differences reflect the different distribution of land cover including water bodies between 1973 and 2004 . the results of this research clarify the possibility of the combination use of RS data and GIS to identify land cover types with special at tension to hydrological circumstances depending on spectral behavior each cover type ( soil, water and vegetation).
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ﻧﻔذت ﻫذﻩ اﻟدراﺳﺔ ﻟﺟرد وإﺣﺻﺎء أﻧواع الأﻏطﻳﺔ الأرﺿﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺎطق الأﻫوار اﻟﺟﻧوﺑﻳﺔ ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﺗﻐﻳرات اﻟﺣﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟظروف اﻟﺑﺋﻳﺔ للأﻋوام ( 1973 و 2004 ) وﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﺻور ﻻﻧد ﺳﺎت 1 ,ﻻﻧد ﺳﺎت 7 ( MSS,ETM+ ). ﺣﻳث ﺗﻣﺛﻝ اﻟﺻورة اﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﺳﻧﺔ 1973 الأﻫوار ﻗﺑﻝ اﻟﺗﺟﻔﻳف ﻓﻲ ﺣﻳن ﺗﻣﺛﻝ اﻟﺻورة اﻟﻔﺿﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﺳﻧﺔ 2004 إﻋﺎدة اﻻﻏﻣﺎر للأﻫوار .وﺑﺳﺑب ﻋﺎﻣﻝ اﻟﺗﺟﻔﻳف تأﺛرت اﻟﻣﻛوﻧﺎت البيئية ﻣن اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ واﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ واﻟﻐطﺎء اﻟﺧﺿري ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺳﻠﺑﻲ . رﻛزت ﻫذﻩ اﻟدراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻧوع اﺳﺗﺧدام الأرض و اﻟﻐطﺎء اﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﻲ واﻟﻣﺳطﺣﺎت اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻣن ﺣﻳث اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ وﻧوﻋﻳﺔ اﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ.ﺣﻳث ﺗم ﺗرﺳﻳم ﺧﺎرطﺔ رﻗﻣﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ ( Erdas v.8.7 ) بأﺳﻠوب اﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳف اﻟرﻗﻣﻲ اﻟﻣوﺟﻪ (supervised classification ) ﻟﻌﺎم 1973 و 2004 . دوﻧت اﻟﻣﻼﺣظﺎت اﻟﻣﻳداﻧﻳﺔ ﻋن طﺑﻳﻌﺔ الأرض وﻏطﺎﺋﻬﺎ وﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺑرﻳﺔ ﻟﻧﻣﺎذج اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ واﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم ﺗﺣدﻳد ﻣواﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺻورة والأرض ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﺟﻬﺎز ﺗﺣدﻳد اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ GPS . أظﻬرت ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺗﺻﻧﻳف اﻟرﻗﻣﻲ اﻟﻣوﺟﺔ ﻋن وﺟود أﺻﻧﺎف طﻳﻔﻳﺔ spectral classes ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ للأﻋوام 1973 و 2004 ﺗﻌﻛس ﺗوزﻳﻊ الأﻏطﻳﺔ الأرﺿﻳﺔ واﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﻣﻐﻣورة ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﻣﻊ اﺧﺗﻼف واﺿﺢ ﺑﻳن ﻋﺎﻣﻲ 1973 و 2004 ﺑﺳﺑب اﺧﺗﻼف اﻟظروف اﻟﺑﻳﺋﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗدﻫور واﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻧوﻋﻳﺔ اﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ودرﺟﺔ ﺻﻼﺣﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫور اﻟﺣوﻳزة ﺣﺳب ﻣﺎ أﻓرزﺗﻪ ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺑرﻳﺔ. ﻟﻘد أوﺿﺣت ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺑﺣث ﻋن إﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ اﺳﺗﺧدام RS ,GIS ﻓﻲ ﺗﺷﺧﻳص الأﻏطﻳﺔ الأرﺿﻳﺔ و ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻌﻠق ﺑﺎﻟظروف اﻟﻣﺎﺋﻳﺔ اﻋﺗﻣﺎداً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﻠوك اﻟطﻳﻔﻲ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻧوع ﻣن الأﻏطﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺗرﺑﺔ واﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ واﻟﻧﺑﺎت .
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