Designing A Form For The Erosion Gully Map By Using Bergsma Equation That Modified Polygon via Rs&GISZargata valley –Arbil–Iraq

Designing A Form For The Erosion Gully Map

By Using Bergsma Equation That Modified
Polygon via Rs&GISZargata valley –Arbil–Iraq

Ruqaya A.M. Ameen1&Amal H. K.Aljabry2

Assist prof dr.Iraq – Iraqia University.

Assistant Teacher Iraq – Al-Muthana University.

Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-6, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362,

1. Abstract: 

   This research concluded to design a form for the erosion gully map and processing it mathematically which simulate reality through modifying the empirical equation of Bergsma 19821 ( Bergsma, E. IKO (1983)), that depends on lengths to area which modified according to the actual area proportion to the measured area depending on satellite images& DEM2 (Hirt, C. Filmer, M.S. Featherstone, W.E. (2010) ) , data according to derivation procedures by using ArcGIS 10.2 and Geostatistical Analyst and Arc hydro extension.

2. Introduction: 

  The erosion gully forms the most dangerous processes on land forms which being responsive to environmental systems because it has negative effects which influent on soil thickness that reflects its effects on the product appeal as well as the mountainous and semi-mountainous land in the world impress by this feature.

    This erosion developed because of gullys that resulted from merging fluids and small streams by river arresting so that it will be longest and more gage for that the running water will increase and its erosion ability will increase also3 ( Ibrahim, S. M. (1995) ) .These gullys reforms in rivers in which the cross section is like (v) letter (figure 1) because the vertical erosion being active on its drains in addition the erosion gully has a negative effect on agriculture in the area because it reflect on the wide areas that is fit for the agriculture

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1Bergsma, E. IKO (1983). Rainfall erosion surveys for conservation planning, ITC Jour., PP. 166-174. 

2Hirt, C.; Filmer, M.S.; Featherstone, W.E. (2010). "Comparison and validation of recent freelyavailable ASTER-GDEM ver1, SRTM ver4.1 and GEODATA DEM-9S ver3 digital elevation models over Australia.". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 57 (3): 337–347. doi:10.1080/08120091003677553. Retrieved May 5, 2012 

3 Ibrahim, S. M. (1995). Mapping gully erosion around Sulaimani city using aerial photographs. Jour. of AL-bohoath Al-tachaniya.Vol.B. No. 29. 1995. 

figure (1) cross-sections of the basin shows the behavioral erosion Gully

For that researchers depend on strict criteria in reveling and measuring this phenomenon indicating drainage grid it shall be noticed that Bergsma 1982 equation is common in applying a lot of studies in the world.

   This equation is summarized in dividing the total of lengths streams in area unit and introduced in many classification levels for erosion in the area which means the generalization of results by measuring lengths to areas which is typically empirical.

    Technologies developing and data availability in its different sorts when its derived via using different software so that it provide cadastral information for that it has been depended on modifying the equation cadastral and applying it then giving high accuracy results.

3. Research hypothesis:

   The equation of erosion gully Bergsma1982 indicating drainage grid lead to empirical results. spatial information availability like high accuracy images and DEM data which show that water drainage are not linear hypothesis but a cadastral so we give a modification for this equation to give more accurate results and simulate the real fact in specifying this dangerous type of erosion

4. The goal:

     The study goal is a try to measure the erosion gully depending on digital satellite data for actual water drainage grid with designing a map erosion that clarified the real place for erosion levels because it takes the cadastral shape nor the actual linear.

5. The significance: 

  The significance lies in building an equation that reveal and simulate the actual spatial distribution for erosion gully indicating the drainage grid depending on satellite data and modern technology which is performed by Rs- GIS software and creating spatial database to determine the dimension of this environmental dilemma . 

6. The problem: 

   The equations that measured the erosion gully is an empirical hypothesis and here we gave an equation simulate the reality because the rivers takes augury area not linear which means its more wording in augury for the weight of the phenomenon and its real spatial existence as well as measuring it easily via the applications as Arc GIS 10.2. 

7. Research methodology: 

   The research depends on technological analyzing style and methodology analysis in GIS on two stages: 

-the derivation of water grid from DEM data via using Arc GIS 10.2 and the extension of Arc hydro.

-analyzing drainage grid for water lavatory and dividing it into cadastral units on (1)Km2.

8. Region of study

  Zargata tub valley pursue to soran in Arbil governorate north Iraq heading to north and northwest to south in order to flow in (upper zab) north Arbil4 to form area of (79.17) Km2 between - 45 ْ 69 َ 98ً )45 ْ 85 َ 11 ً E(longtude and ( - 40 ْ 77 َ 05 ً 40 ْ 89 َ 18 ً N(latitude and chasm in heightening between (1580 - 776m) above sea level figure (2) 

Figure(2) study area site

  Extending through unstable high mountains which influent in ergogenic(ALPIN) movement5 (Saad Z Jassim and Jeremy C. Goff, (2006) ) , it back to sea and shallow environment with little coastal and volcanic affection also its climate reflects by Mediterranean sea6 (QusayAbd al-Majid alSamarrai2008 )climate including humidity area in which the flowing reaches more than (650)ml yearly and(22)7 in average temperature .

9. Used data: 

1- Digital heights data DEM in 14m accuracy for cadastral unit.

2- Quick Bird Satellite Sensor (0.65m)satellite sensor north Arbil in 2010.

3- Satellite images Landsat8 2013 .bath 196 row34.

4- Topographical maps,General Directorate of Iraqi space: Scale 20000 /1.

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
4General Directorate of space, a topographical map 1/20000 , plate Arbil, Iraq
5 Saad Z Jassim and Jeremy C. Goff, (2006), Geology of Iraq published by Dolin, prague and maravian museum, Brno, Czech Republic, P. 18 6C mean when Koppen be colder months less than (18 m) and more (-3 m) and warmer month over ( 10 m ) . S means more than rain in the winter months for three times the rain that falls in the driest summer months or to be (70%) of rain in winter . QusayAbd al-Majid al-Samarrai , climate and climatic regions , printing Arabic , Dar Alyazorda Scientific Publishing and Distribution, Amman , Jordan , 2008, p. 309 . 7Authority weather forecasters , the rough waters of the Directorate of Kurdistan , Arbil , unpublished data from 0.2000 to 2016 .

10. Programming use: 

1-Arc map 10.2 for processing .showing and building informational layers then extracting results as maps. Figures and tables.

2- Arc catalog to build geographical information base.

3- Arc scene for three dimensional show and building cartographic cumulative layers.

4- Arc toolbox Implementation of action steps.

5- Geostatistical Analyst Statistical processing spatial .

11. Labor procedure: 

- deriving drainage grid from digital height data DEM in a form of area.

- creating compound satellite image and cutting the specific area.

- dividing the lavatory water area into squares grid (100*100)m but in the map 100000/1 in Arc GIS 10.2 through (Arc toolbox- data managementfeature class- create fishnet).

- numbering each cadastral unit in private code that specify the location on the map.

- using (extension- Arc toolbox- analysis toolsidentify).

figure (3 ) make an Identity 

- Rate is calculated by dividing an area of canyons canyons m2 / unit cadastral km 2

Table ( 1) classification of erosion Gully System

Source: Adapted standard Bargsma equation with what is compatible with the cadastral equation .

12. Analyzing results: 

12.1 Area measurement :- 

 Square number which covered the lavatory (8160) square the area of each one is (10000)M2 its dimensions are (100*100)M while the number of squares that included the erosion gully are (4141) which formed a rate (50.747%). 

 The area of lavatory is (79.17)KM2 while squares area that included the erosion gully is (41.373)KM2 from the lavatory area. 

 Through image (1) and figure (4) for its clearly that erosion gully had formed an area about (16.554)KM2 and formed a rate of (20.9%) from the total area of the lavatory and a rate of (40.01%) from square area which included the erosion gully. Table (2)

Image (1) basin Source: Field Study on 11/06/2013

- More of erosion is distributed in the low ranks of lavatory (rank 1-2-3) with the meeting of valleys with each other to form gullys that increase widely with the increasing of water streams in order to Deeping stream and undermined it vertically

Figure 4 degrees of erosion in the Gully basin 

Table ( 2) An area of canyons and proportions of the basin

Source: Figure 4 degrees erosion Gully

Figure (5) shows the natural data base of the basin analysis

Figure (6) statistical analysis of the distribution of erosion spatially Gully Basin Zrkata using ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst

13. Conclusion: 

-The using of digital data for satellite image that is highly accurate give good results in clarifying erosion gully degrees and its spatial dangerous.

-The software indicates for information system the ability to build a real database with accurate criteria close to reality than empirical criteria indicating drainage grid cadastral that the linear grid are not hypothesis.

14. Reference: 

1. Bergsma, E. IKO (1983). Rainfall erosion surveys for conservation planning, ITC Jour., PP. 166-174. 

2. Hirt, C.; Filmer, M.S.; Featherstone, W.E. (2010). "Comparison and validation of recent freely-available ASTER-GDEM ver1, SRTM ver4.1 and GEODATA DEM-9S ver3 digital elevation models over Australia.". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 57 (3): 337– 347. doi:10.1080/08120091003677553. Retrieved May 5, 2012.

3. Ibrahim, S. M. (1995). Mapping gully erosion around Sulaimani city using aerial photographs. Jour. of AL-bohoath Altachaniya.Vol. B. No. 29. 1995. 

4. General Directorate of space, a topographical map 1/20000 , plate Arbil, Iraq , 

5. Saad Z Jassim and Jeremy C. Goff, (2006), Geology of Iraq published by Dolin, prague and maravian museum, Brno, Czech Republic, P. 18. 

6. QusayAbd al-Majid al-Samarrai , climate and climatic regions , printing Arabic , Dar Alyazorda Scientific Publishing and Distribution, Amman , Jordan , 2008, p. 309 .

7. Authority weather forecasters , the rough waters of the Directorate of Kurdistan , Arbil , unpublished data from 0.2000 to 2016 . 

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