Geography and Drug Addiction
Yonette F. Thomas
Douglas Richardson
Ivan Cheung
Editors
Foreword by Douglas Richardson
Springer
2008
Foreword
Making Connections:
Geography and Drug Addiction
Geography involves making connections – connections in our world among people and places, cultures, human activities, and natural processes. It involves understanding the relationships and ‘connections’ between seemingly disparate or unrelated ideas and between what is and what might be.
Geography also involves connecting with people. When I first encountered an extraordinarily vibrant, intelligent, and socially engaged scientist at a private dinner several years ago, I was immediately captivated by the intensity of her passion to understand how and why people become addicted to drugs, and what could be done to treat or prevent drug addiction. Fortunately, she was willing to think beyond the bounds of her own discipline in her search for answers. Our conversation that evening, which began with her research on fundamental biochemical processes of drug addiction in the human body, evolved inevitably to an exploration of the ways in which research on the geographical context of drug addiction might contribute to the better understanding of etiology of addiction, its diffusion, its interaction with geographically variable environmental, social, and economic factors, and the strategies for its treatment and prevention.
This fascinating woman, I soon learned, was Nora Volkow, the Director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse as well as the granddaughter of Leon Trotsky. Our chance encounter that evening led to further wide-ranging discussions during several subsequent months on the interactions between geography and drug addiction, resulting ultimately in an agreement between the Association of American Geographers and the National Institutes of Health’s (NIH) National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) to jointly sponsor a special symposium on research topics related to geography and drug addiction.
This special AAG/NIDA Symposium eventually took place in March 8, 2006 in conjunction with the 2006 Annual Meeting of the AAG in Chicago, Illinois. We invited interested geographers, neuroscientists, GIScientists, medical researchers, epidemiologists, geneticists, and others with expertise in geographical dimensions of drug addiction and abuse to apply to participate in the symposium. Themes addressed included:
- Spatial patterns of drug use and addiction
- Linking spatial models with neuroscience and genetics in drug abuse research
- Interaction of social and environmental factors with biochemical processes of addiction
- Geographic analysis linking demographic and genetic characteristics related to drug addiction and treatment
- Locational analyses of drug addiction treatment and service delivery facilities
- Neighborhood scale studies of geographic factors (including the built environment) and their interaction with drug addiction, treatment, or prevention
- Use of Geographic Information Systems to better understand and respond to drug addiction
- Spatial diffusion modeling of addictive drug usage and its changing characteristics, including predictive modeling
- Interaction of other spatially dependent variables with drug addiction, or with prevention and treatment strategies
- Other geographic research relevant to better understanding the etiology of drug use and addiction
Attendance at the Geography and Drug Abuse Symposium was open to all and generated wide-ranging discussion and many new ideas for research and collaboration. Results of the symposium and subsequent conversations among the participants appear in this book, which we hope will help guide the development of future research agendas within geography and GIScience, and within NIDA and more broadly at NIH.
There has not been a great deal of past research on the connections between geography and drug addiction. Thus, it is important to note that the purpose of this book is to explore the relatively new terrain of an embryonic field of research. As such, this book represents an initial attempt to identify research ideas, connections, and research pathways which point to some promising avenues for future work in this area.
It is our hope that our initial explorations of research pathways and agendas in this book will generate far greater interest in and significant funding for this important new field. If we are successful in this goal, we look forward to publishing subsequent volumes reporting on what we believe will soon be a rapidly growing and mature field of research, essential to understanding and treating drug addiction. I would like to thank our publisher, Springer, whose editors were quick to appreciate the significance of this new field of research and encouraged our early efforts by publishing not only this first volume exploring these linkages and research needs, but by also by initiating a new series of books on this theme, with this book as the initial volume in the series.
We also hope that the ‘connections’ forged between the topics of geography and drug addiction – and between the AAG and NIDA – will provide geographic context and analysis to support NIH’s ongoing efforts to understand the complex processes of drug addiction. I believe this book and these connections have the potential to create an extraordinarily fertile new field for geographic research, one which has significant potential for real-world benefit through better understanding and treatment of the scourge which is drug addiction.
I would like to thank Nora Volkow, who helped ‘brainstorm’ this collaborative process and who delivered the symposium’s keynote address, and our distinguished NIDA colleagues Yonette Thomas and Wilson Compton for their sustained support and friendship, as well as the many colleagues and contributors from the worlds of geography and medical sciences who made the symposium and this book possible.
Douglas Richardson
Executive Director
Association of American Geographers
Contents
Part I Integrating Geography in Drug Abuse Research
1 Placing Substance Abuse ........................................ 1
Sara McLafferty
2 Integrating Geography and Social Epidemiology in Drug Abuse
Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Yonette Thomas, Douglas Richardson and Ivan Cheung
Part II Geo-epidemiology in Drug Abuse Research
3 Integrating GIS into the Study of Contextual Factors Affecting
Injection Drug Use Along the Mexico/US Border . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Kimberly C. Brouwer, John R. Weeks, Remedios Lozada and Steffanie
A. Strathdee
4 The Spatial Context of Adolescent Alcohol Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Karen A. Snedker, Jerald R. Herting
5 Migration Patterns and Substance Use among Young Homeless
Travelers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Stephen E. Lankenau, Bill Sanders, Jennifer Jackson Bloom, Dodi
Hathazi, Erica Alarcon, Stephanie Tortu and Michael C. Clatts
6 Residential Mobility and Drug Use Among Parolees in San Diego,
California and Implications for Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Meagan Cahill and Nancy LaVigne
7 Social Disorganization, Alcohol, and Drug Markets and Violence . . . . 117
Aniruddha Banerjee, Elizabeth LaScala, Paul J. Gruenewald, Bridget
Freisthler, Andrew Treno and Lillian G. Remer
8 Integrated Assessment of Addiction Epidemiology in Hong Kong, 1996–2005 . . . . . . 131
Shui Shan Lee and Phoebe TT Pang
9 Residential Segregation and the Prevalence of Injection Drug Use among Black Adult Residents of US Metropolitan Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Hannah L.F Cooper, Samuel R. Friedman, Barbara Tempalski and Risa Friedman
10 The Relationship of Ecological Containment and Heroin Practices . . . 159
Avelardo Valdez and Alice Cepeda
11 Comparing Unintentional Opioid Poisoning Mortality in Metropolitan and Non-Metropolitan Counties, United States, 1999–2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Nabarun Dasgupta, Michele Jonsson Funk and John S. Brownstein ¨
12 Spatial Patterns of Clandestine Methamphetamine Labs inColorado Springs, Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Max Lu and Jessica Burnum
13 A Therapeutic Landscape? Contextualizing Methamphetamine in
North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Kevin Romig and Alex Feidler
14 Are Spatial Variables Important? The Case of Markets for Multiple Drugs in British Bengal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Siddharth Chandra and Aaron Swoboda
Part III Geography of Injection Drug Users and HIV
15 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Rates and Heroin
Trafficking: Fearful Symmetries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Chris Beyrer
16 Metropolitan Area Characteristics, Injection Drug Use and HIV
Among Injectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Samuel R. Friedman, Barbara Tempalski, Hannah Cooper, Spencer Lieb, Joanne Brady, Peter L. Flom, Risa Friedman, Karla Gostnell and Don C Des Jarlais
17 Factors Influencing Drug Use and HIV Risk in Two Nicaraguan
Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Michele G. Shedlin, Rita Arauz, Pascual Ortells, Mariana Aburto and Danilo Norori
18 Drug Use and HIV/AIDS: Risk Environments
in Post-Soviet Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Dominique Moran
19 Substance Abuse and HIV in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Xiushi Yang
Part IV Geographic Dimensions of Drug Treatment and Prevention
20 Placing the Dynamics of Syringe Exchange Programs in the United States . . . . . . . 319
Barbara Tempalski
21 The effect of individual, program, and neighborhood variables on continuity of treatment among dually diagnosed individuals . . . . . . . . 337
Gerald J. Stahler, Silvana Mazzella, Jeremy Mennis, Sanjoy Chakravorty, George Rengert and Ralph Spiga
22 Exploring the Reciprocal Effects of Substance Abuse Treatment Provision and Area Substance Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Matthew E. Archibald
23 Using a GIS Framework to Assess Hurricane Recovery Needs of Substance Abuse Center Clients in Katrina- and Rita-Affected Areas 369
Traci Craig Green and Cynthia Pope
24 Using GIS to Identify Drug Markets and Reduce Drug-Related Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Eleazer D. Hunt, Marty Sumner, Thomas J. Scholten and James M. Frabutt
Part V Emerging Research Directions
25 Modeling the Spatial Patterns of Substance and Drug Abuse in the US . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Sucharita Gopal, Matt Adams, Mark Vanelli
26 Reconceptualizing Sociogeographic Context for the Study of Drug Use, Abuse, and Addiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Mei-Po Kwan, Ruth D. Peterson, Christopher R. Browning, Lori A. Burrington, Catherine A. Calder and Lauren J. Krivo
27 Spatial Analytic Approaches to Explaining the Trends and Patterns of Drug Overdose Deaths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Charlie DiMaggio, Angela Bucciarelli, Kenneth J. Tardiff, David Vlahov and Sandro Galea
References
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
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