Geographic Information System Basics
v. 1.0
Jonathan E. Campbell
Michael Shin
Table of Contents
About the Authors................................................................................................................. 1
Acknowledgments................................................................................................................. 3
Dedications............................................................................................................................. 5
Preface..................................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................... 8
Spatial Thinking................................................................................................................. 10
Geographic Concepts............................................................................................................ 18
Geographic Information Systems for Today and Beyond......................... 27
Chapter 2: Map Anatomy................................................................................................ 33
Maps and Map Types ...................................................................................... 34
Map Scale, Coordinate Systems, and Map Projections.......................................... 43
Map Abstraction............................................................................................. 51
Chapter 3: Data, Information, and Where to Find Them......................................... 60
Data and Information ............................................................................ 61
Data about Data ................................................................................................... 67
Finding Data.................................................................................................................... 71
Chapter 4: Data Models for GIS..................................................................................... 74
Raster Data Models ............................................................................................ 75
Vector Data Models.......................................................................................... 85
Satellite Imagery and Aerial Photography............................................................. 94
Chapter 5: Geospatial Data Management................................................................ 101
Geographic Data Acquisition ................................................................... 102
Geospatial Database Management..................................................................... 110
File Formats...................................................................................................... 117
Data Quality ................................................................................................... 126
Chapter 6: Data Characteristics and Visualization.................................................. 133
Descriptions and Summaries.................................................................................. 134
Searches and Queries............................................................................................... 141
Data Classification............................................................................................... 158
Chapter 7: Geospatial Analysis I: Vector Operations ............................................. 164
Single Layer Analysis........................................................................................ 165
Multiple Layer Analysis........................................................................................ 170
Chapter 8: Geospatial Analysis II: Raster Data ........................................................ 181
Basic Geoprocessing with Rasters............................................................................ 182
Scale of Analysis........................................................................................... 188
Surface Analysis: Spatial Interpolation .................................................................. 194
Surface Analysis: Terrain Mapping .............................................................. 198
Chapter 9: Cartographic Principles .................................................................. 202
Color ................................................................................................................... 203
Symbology........................................................................................................... 216
Cartographic Design ........................................................................................ 222
Chapter 10: GIS Project Management.................................................................. 229
Project Management Basics..................................................................... 230
GIS Project Management Tools and Techniques........................................ 237
- Jonathan E. Campbell
Jonathan E. Campbell
Recently an adjunct professor of GIS and physical
geography courses at the University of California, Los
Angeles (UCLA) and Santa Monica College, Dr. Jonathan
E. Campbell is a GIS analyst and biologist based in the
Los Angeles office of ENVIRON. ENVIRON is an
international environmental and health sciences
consultancy that works with its clients to manage their
most challenging environmental, health, and safety
issues and attain their sustainability goals. Dr. Campbell
has twelve years of experience in the application of GIS
and biological services in conjunction with the
implementation of environmental policies and
compliance with local, state, and federal regulations. He
has extensive experience collecting, mapping, and analyzing geospatial data on
projects throughout the United States. He holds a PhD in geography from UCLA, an
MS in plant biology from Southern Illinois University— Carbondale and a BS in
environmental biology from Taylor University.
- Michael Shin
Michael Shin is an associate professor of geography at
UCLA. He is also the director of UCLA's professional
certificate program in Geospatial Information Systems
and Technology (GIST) and cochair of the Spatial
Demography Group at the California Center for
Population Research (CCPR). Michael earned his PhD in
geography from the University of Colorado at Boulder
(CU) and also holds an MA in geography and a BA in
international affairs from CU as well. Michael teaches
Introduction to Geographic Information Systems,
Intermediate GIS, Advanced GIS, and related courses in
digital cartography, spatial analysis, and geographic
data visualization and analysis. He was also recently
nominated to receive UCLA's Copenhaver Award, which
recognizes faculty for their innovative use of technology in the classroom. Much of
Michael's teaching materials draw directly from his research interests that span a
range of topics from globalization and democracy to the social impacts of geospatial
technology. He has also worked with the Food and Agricultural Organization of the
United Nations and USAID to explore and examine food insecurity around the world
with GIS.
Preface
Preface
Maps are everywhere— on the Internet, in your car, and even on your mobile phone.
Moreover, maps of the twenty -first century are not just paper diagrams folded like
an accordion. Maps today are colorful, searchable, interactive, and shared. This
transformation of the static map into dynamic and interactive multimedia reflects
the integration of technological innovation and vast amounts of geographic data.
The key technology behind this integration, and subsequently the maps of the
twenty-first century, is geographic information systems or GIS.
Put simply, GIS is a special type of information technology that integrates data and
information from various sources as maps. It is through this integration and
mapping that the question of "where" has taken on new meaning. From getting
directions to a new restaurant in San Francisco on your mobile device to exploring
what will happen to coastal cities like Venice if oceans were to rise due to global
warming, GIS provides insights into daily tasks and the big challenges of the future.
Essentials of Geographic Information Systems integrates key concepts behind the
technology with practical concerns and real-world applications. Recognizing that
many potential GIS users are nonspecialists or may only need a few maps, this book
is designed to be accessible, pragmatic, and concise. Essentials of Geographic
Information Systems also illustrates how GIS is used to ask questions, inform choices,
and guide policy. From the melting of the polar ice caps to privacy issues associated
with mapping, this book provides a gentle, yet substantive, introduction to the use
and application of digital maps, mapping, and GIS.
In today's world, learning involves knowing how and where to search for
information. In some respects, knowing where to look for answers and information
is arguably just as important as the knowledge itself. Because Essentials of Geographic
Information Systems is concise, focused, and directed, readers are encouraged to
search for supplementary information and to follow up on specific topics of interest
on their own when necessary. Essentials of Geographic Information Systems provides
the foundations for learning GIS, but readers are encouraged to construct their own
individual frameworks of GIS knowledge. The benefits of this approach are two-fold.
First, it promotes active learning through research. Second, it facilitates flexible
and selective learning— that is, what is learned is a function of individual needs and
interest.
Since GIS and related geospatial and navigation technology change so rapidly, a
flexible and dynamic text is necessary in order to stay current and relevant. Though essential concepts in GIS tend to remain constant, the situations, applications, and
examples of GIS are fluid and dynamic. The Flat World model of publishing is
especially relevant for a text that deals with information technology. Though this
book is intended for use in introductory GIS courses, Essentials of Geographic
Information Systems will also appeal to the large number of certificate, professional,
extension, and online programs in GIS that are available today. In addition to
providing readers with the tools necessary to carry out spatial analyses, Essentials of
Geographic Information Systems outlines valuable cartographic guidelines for
maximizing the visual impact of your maps. The book also describes effective GIS
project management solutions that commonly arise in the modern workplace.
Order your desk copy of Essentials of Geographic Information Systems or view it online
to evaluate it for your course.
Full Text
Read and download
Read Online
ليست هناك تعليقات:
إرسال تعليق