المناخ وأثره على راحة الإنسان
في الضفة الغربیة وقطاع غزة - فلسطین
(دراسة في المناخ التطبیقي)
The climate and its impact on human comfort and health
In West Bank and Gaza Strip -Palestine
( A study in the Applied Climatology )
إعداد الطالب
أحمد محمد جبریل ثابت
إشراف
د. كامل سالم أبو ضاھر
قُدّم هذا البحث استكمالاً لمتطلبات الحصول على درجة الماجستير
من قسم الجغرافيا بكلية الآداب في الجامعة الإسلامية بغزة - فلسطين
1433 هـ - 2011 م
ﻤﻠﺨص
ﺘﻬدف ﻫذﻩ اﻟدراﺴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺄﺜﻴر الظروف المناخية السائدة في الضفة الغربية وقطاع –ﻏزة ﻓﻠﺴطﻴن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻨﺴﺎن ﻤن ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴن ﻫﻤﺎ اﻷول اﻟراﺤﺔ اﻟﺤرارﻴﺔ واﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻫو اﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ٬وﻗد ﺠﺎءت اﻟدراﺴﺔ ﻟﺘوﻀﻴﺢ أﻫم اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼر اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤؤﺜرة ﻋﻠﻰ راﺤﺔ وﺼﺤﺔ اﻹﻨﺴﺎن٬ ﺒﺘطﺒﻴق ﺒﻌض اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴر ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟراﺤﺔ اﻟﺤرارﻴﺔ ﺤﻴث ﺘم اﻟﺘرﻛﻴز ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋدة ﻗراﺌن ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻗرﻴﻨﺔ: ﺘوم٬ أوﻟﻴﻔر٬ ﺠرﻴﺠورﺴك٬ وﺘﺼﻨﻴف ﺘﻴرﺠﻨﺞ اﻟﻔﺴﻴوﻟوﺠﻲ٬ وﺼوﻻً إﻟﻰ ﺘﺤدﻴد ﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت اﻟراﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨطﻘﺔ.
إن ﺸﻌور اﻹﻨﺴﺎن ﺒﺎﻟراﺤﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻫو إﻻ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴر ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼر اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻟذا ﺘم اﺨﺘﻴﺎر ﻤوﻀوع اﻟدراﺴﺔ(اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ وأﺜرﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ راﺤﺔ وﺼﺤﺔ اﻹﻨﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻀﻔﺔ اﻟﻐرﺒﻴﺔ وﻗطﺎع ﻏزة ﻓﻠﺴطﻴن) وﻗد اﺸﺘﻤل اﻟﺒﺤث ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻘدﻤﺔ وﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻓﺼول ﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ وﺘوﺼﻴﺎت اﻟدراﺴﺔ٬ ﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻔﺼل اﻷول اﻟﻌواﻤل اﻟﻤؤﺜرة ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎخ اﻟﻀﻔﺔ اﻟﻐرﺒﻴﺔ وﻗطﺎع ﻏزة٬ ورﻛز اﻟﻔﺼل اﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼر اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤؤﺜرة ﻋﻠﻰ راﺤﺔ وﺼﺤﺔ اﻹﻨﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ الدراﺴﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻔﺼل اﻟﺜﺎﻟث دراﺴﺔ اﻟﻘراﺌن اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻴوﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨدﻤﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟراﺤﺔ واﻻﻨزﻋﺎج ﻋﻨد اﻹﻨﺴﺎن٬ وﻨﺎﻗش اﻟﻔﺼل اﻟراﺒﻊ اﻟرﺒط ﺒﻴن ﻋﻨﺎﺼر اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ ومعايير الراﺤﺔ واﻻﻨزﻋﺎج ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻟدراﺴﺔ. وﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺎﻤس اﻟﻔﺼل ﺘﻤت دراﺴﺔ ﻤﺘﻐﻴرات اﻟراﺤﺔ اﻟﺤرارﻴﺔ وأﺜرﻫﺎ ﻋلى ﺼﺤﺔ اﻹﻨﺴﺎن .
ﺘوﺼﻠت اﻟدراﺴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ من النتاﺌﺞ:
ﺤﻴث أﺸﺎرت اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴر اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻋﺘﻤدت عليها اﻟدراﺴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤدﻴد أﻓﻀل اﻟﻤﻨﺎطق اﻟﻤرﻴﺤﺔ ﺤرارﻴﺎً إﻟﻰ ﺘوﻓرﻫﺎ ﻟﻺﻨﺴﺎن في ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻟدراﺴﺔ في (ﻏزة واﻟﻘدس وﺠﻨﻴن وطوﻟﻛرم ) وأن ﻤﻨﺎطق (ﻨﺎﺒﻠس واﻟﺨﻠﻴل وأرﻴﺤﺎ) ﺘﺘﻌرض ﻻﻨزﻋﺎج ﺤراري ٬ﻴﻌﺘﺒر ﺸﻬري( ﻤﺎﻴو وأﻛﺘوﺒر) ﻫﻤﺎ أﻓﻀل ﺸﻬور اﻟﺴﻨﺔ راﺤﺔ، ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ (ﻴﻨﺎﻴر وﻓﺒراﻴر ودﻴﺴﻤﺒر) أﻛﺜرﻫﺎ اﻨزﻋﺎﺠﺎً٬ وأن أﻤﺜل ﻓﺼول اﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻟراﺤﺔ اﻹﻨﺴﺎن ﻫو ﻓﺼل اﻟﺨرﻴف٬ وﻗد وﺠد أن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺘﻔﺎوﺘﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻋدد أﻴﺎم اﻟراﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻤﺔ ﺤﺴب ﻛل ﻗرﻴﻨﺔ٬ وأوﺼت اﻟدراﺴﺔ ﺒﻌدد من اﻟﺘوﺼﻴﺎت ﻤﺜل ﺘوﺠﻴﻪ اﻟﻌﻤران إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطق اﻟﻤرﻴﺤﺔ، وأن ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴب اﻹﺠﺎزات اﻟﺴﻨوﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ اﻟﺘﻐﻴرات اﻟﻔﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤرارة٬ وﻀرورة ﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤطﺎت اﻟﻀﻔﺔ اﻟﻐرﺒﻴﺔ وﻏزة وﺘﻨظﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺤﻴث ﻴوﺠد ﻛﺜﻴر ﻤن ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ (ﻏﻴر ﻤﻨﺸورة)٬ وﺘزوﻴد ﻤﻛﺘﺒﺎت اﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﺎت ﺒﻬذﻩ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎت .
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the impact of prevealling climate conditions in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine) so such conditions affect on human in two aspects : the thermal comfort and the physical health, The study illustrating the most important climate elements affecting the comfort and human health, It tries to apply some standards for measuring the thermal comfort therefore the focus was on several climatic Indices including: Thom, Oliver, Gregorczuk and the Terjung physiology classification, leading to determining the levels of comfort in feeling of area .
The human feeling of comfort is a result of a several climate elements, so this study comes to support the following title: (The climate and its impact on human comfort and health in the West Bank and Gaza Strip in Palestine).
The study includes an introduction and five chapters ended by conclusions and recommendation: The First Chapter discuses the factors affecting the climate in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The Second chapter discussed the climate elements affecting the human comfort and health in the area. The Third discuses the bioclimatic Indices used in measuring the humans comfort and discomfort. The Fourth Chapter discuses the link between climate elements and comfort and discomfort in the study area. The last Chapter studies the variability of changes thermal comfort and their impact on human health.
The study leads to a number of results, the best area of thermal human comfort was found in Gaza, Jerusalem, Jenin and Tulkarem. The areas of Nablus, Hebron and Jericho face thermal discomfort. The months of May and October are the best comfortable months of the year. Whereas January, February and December are the most discomfort. The best season for human comfort is Autumn. It is found that there is imparity in the number of the perfect comfort according to each indices.
Finally this study forward a number of recommendations including: reorient the Arban in the comfort areas, and the holidays keep up with the heating seasonal heating changes. The necessity of collecting data and reorganized it because much of these were unpublished and to put then in the universities libraries.
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