Sourcebook on Remote Sensing and Biodiversity Indicators
Prepared by
the NASA-NGO Biodiversity Working Group
and
UNEP-WCMC to support implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity
Edited by
Holly Strand, Robert Höft, James Strittholt, Lera Miles, Ned Horning,Eugene Fosnight and Woody Turne
CBD Technical Series No. 32
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction...................................................................................... 7
1.1 Purpose........................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Audience.............................................................................. 7
1.3 Intended use ................................................................................................. 8
1.4 Organization................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 2. Remote Sensing and monitoring for the Convention on Biological Diversity .... 9
2.1 The 2010 biodiversity target framework: focal areas, goals, and subtargets............. 9
2.2 What is an indicator?..................................................................... 10
2.3 The 2010 target and formation of indicators ............................................. 12
2.4 Use of biodiversity indicators in national assessments...................... 15
2.5 National-global monitoring linkages...................................................... 17
2.6 CBD and remote sensing needs....................................................... 19
2.7 References............................................................................................... 20
Chapter 3. The Basics of Remote Sensing ....................................................... 23
3.1 Background ............................................................................................... 23
3.2 What exactly is remote sensing?.................................................................. 23
3.3 Spectral images............................................................ 24
3.4 Issues that affect selection of images........................................................ 27
3.5 Image classification........................................................................... 30
3.6 Additional issues to consider........................................................ 31
3.7 References.................................................................................................... 33
Chapter 4. Trends in Selected Biomes, Habitats, and Ecosystems: Forests ................ 35
4.1 Delineating cover and estimating change in extent............................................ 35
4.2 Forest quality ................................................................................. 45
4.3 Threats.................................................................................................. 51
4.4 Data and other resources .............................................................................. 56
4.5 References................................................................................................ 58
Chapter 5. Trends in Selected Biomes, Habitats, and Ecosystems: Dry and Sub-humid Lands ..... 63
5.1 Delineating cover and estimating change in extent.................................... 63
5.2 Changes in habitat or ecosystem quality ..................................................... 69
5.3 Occurrence and distribution of threats to biodiversity.................................. 76
5.4 Data and other resources.................................................................................. 78
5.5 References.................................................................................................. 79
Chapter 6. Trends in Selected Biomes, Habitats and Ecosystems: Inland Waters ....... 83
6.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 83
6.2 Delineating extent..................................................................................... 85
6.3 Changes in habitat and ecosystem quality ................................................... 95
6.4 Summary of the use of satellite data for operational monitoring........................ 98
6.5 Data and other resources....................................................... 99
6.6 References......................................................................................100
Chapter 7. Trends in Selected Biomes, Habitats and Ecosystems: Marine and Coastal Habitats...........103
7.1 Introduction to the remote sensing of coral reefs, seagrasses, and mangroves........103
7.2 Remote sensing measures of coral reefs and seagrasses............................105
7.3 Remote sensing measures in mangroves......................................................110
7.4 Data and other resources........................................................................115
7.5 References...................................................................................................116
Chapter 8. Trends in Species Populations...........................................................119
8.1 Background..........................................................................................................119
8.2 Remote sensing to directly monitor species populations................................119
8.3 Remote sensing to indirectly monitor species populations: modelling species distributions by
mapping habitat .................................................................................................120
8.4 Practical examples................................................................................121
8.5 Caveats......................................................................................................125
8.6 Resources .................................................................126
8.7 References.........................................................................126
Chapter 9. Coverage of Protected Areas...............................................129
9.1 Background................................................................................................129
9.2 Protected area network development.........................................................130
9.3 Potential role for remote sensing........................................................................131
9.4 Data and other resources...................................................................138
9.5 References .........................................................................................138
Chapter 10. Habitat Fragmentation and Connectivity........................................141
10.1 Background..........................................................................................141
10.2 Potential role for remote sensing .....................................................143
10.3 Connectivity in the marine environment ................................................144
10.4 Ecological and biodiversity relevance ....................................144
10.5 Assessment at national or continental scales .............................................146
10.6 Fragmentation/connectivity metrics....................................................146
10.7 Key considerations for selecting metrics..........................................................151
10.8 Data and other resources .........................................................................155
10.9 References.....................................................................................................156
Chapter 11. Trends in Invasive Alien Species ..................................................161
11.1 Remote sensing technologies for mapping invasive alien species ...................161
11.2 How does remote sensing distinguish invasive alien species?......................163
11.3 Types of imagery for identifying invasive alien species ......................164
11.4 Tradeoffs between image resolution and mapping accuracy................................170
11.5 Identifying the potential distribution of invasive alien species...................171
11.6 Indirect identification of areas vulnerable to invasion...........................172
11.7 Limitations of remote sensing and modelling applications to invasive alien species...172
11.8 Data and other resources................................................173
11.9 References...........................................................174
Appendices .....................................................................................179
A.1 Abbreviations and Acronyms.............................................179
A.2 Glossary..................................................................................181
A.3 Satellites, sensors and data...............................................................183
A.4 Three examples of how to obtain imagery ......................................189
A.5 Online tutorials and software resources..........................................192
A.6 Opportunities for operational support ...........................................199
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