Geography of Growth
Spatial Economics and Competitiveness
Raj Nallari, Breda Griffith, and Shahid Yusuf
DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT
Infrastructure
The World Bank
Washington DC
2012
Contents
Preface xi
About the Authors xiii
Abbreviations xv
Chapter 1 Frameworks for Spatial Analysis 1
The Form of Urbanization 2
Agglomeration Economies 8
Conclusion 11
Notes 12
References 12
Chapter 2 Urbanization as a Typology of Space 15
Urbanization and Space 16
Classification of Cities 18
Size of Cities across Developing and
Developed Regions 20
Criticism of the Data and Suggested Alternatives 23
Conclusion 26
Notes 27
References 28
Contents
vi Contents
Chapter 3 Urban Transition and Growth 29
Urbanization and Development 30
Urbanization in Developing Countries 38
Key Features of Cities in Developing Countries 43
Conclusion 46
Notes 47
References 48
Chapter 4 Spatial Concentration and Specialization 51
Specialization of Cities 52
Knowledge Cities 54
The Creative City 65
The Global City 73
Green Cities/Eco Cities 76
Conclusion 81
Notes 82
References 83
Chapter 5 The Attributes and Role of “Smart Cities” 89
Growth and Technology-Intensive Subsectors 91
What Makes Cities Smart 99
Toward an Urban Innovation Strategy 108
Policy Measures That Facilitate Technological
Upgrading and Innovation 112
Identifying and Promoting Smart Cities 117
Annex: Technology Capability and Innovation
Criteria 118
Notes 120
References 122
Chapter 6 Globalization, Urban Regions, and
Cluster Development 127
A Holistic Approach to Development 128
The Role of Clusters 128
Policies to Support Clusters 130
Sustaining Clusters 130
Conclusion 132
Notes 134
References 134
Contents vii
Chapter 7 Urban Development and Growth 137
Urbanization: From Canter to Gallop 139
The Metropolitan Powerhouse 143
Metropolitan Challenges 146
Wealth of Cities and National Policies 147
Notes 149
References 153
Chapter 8 Elements for Future Success of
Metropolitan Regions 157
The Industrial Matrix 159
Connectivity 163
The Smarter Metropolis 167
Governing the Metropolitan Center 169
The Resilience Imperative 170
Metropolitan Futures 174
Annex: City Rankings 176
Notes 178
References 181
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