Optimum locations for pumped
water storage in Egypt
water storage in Egypt
BY
Eng. SALEM SALAMA SALEH MAHMOUD
M.SC. FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY, 2013
A THESIS
SUBMITED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING – PUBLIC WORKS
AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUPERVISED BY
PROF. DR. HANAFY MOUSTAFA KAMAL
PROFESSOR OF SURVEYING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY
PROF. DR. ANAS MOHAMED ABO EL-AOLA
PROFESSOR OF IRRIGATION
AND HYDRAULICS
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY
DR. MOSTAFA HASSAN ABD-EL SATAR
LECTURER OF SURVEYING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY
DR. HANY GOMAA IBRAHIM AHMED
ASSOC. PROFF. OF IRRIGATION
AND HYDRAULICS
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY
CAIRO, EGYPT
2019
ABSTRACT
The last few years, Egypt has experienced frequent electricity blackouts and severe defects in energy supplies. The government tries to solve the problem by reducing the subsidy on energy consumptions. Given that energy is a vital factor for many economic activities success, there is a concern that, a reduction in energy consumption may dampen the growth potentials of the Egyptian economy.
Today’s, Resources are running low, the climate is changing, the pollution is increasing and the environment is threatened by energy depletion. As we may to run out of fossil fuels in the next years, we are challenge to find substitutes that will guarantee the future growth on the long run. The new renewable technologies like wind turbines, photovoltaic cells, biomass plants and more are already providing us with such alternatives. But all of these technologies have flaws. They produce much smaller amounts of electricity in addition to production instability where, the sun isn’t always shining or the wind not always blowing.
If the Egypt intends to hit their 2022 target of 20% of electricity generation from renewable sources, it has to find the best way to store the energy for later consumption. Pumped Hydro Electric Storage power plant (PHES) is a reliable, large-scale worldwide, quick response action, and one of the cheapest storage technologies that can balance the generation contrary of highly variable renewable energy sources such as wind and solar.
The wrong decision leads to project frailness which carries out more economic and time impacts. So this study presents practical methodology based on GIS Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) concerning the site suitability selection procedures for the optimum locations of PHES sites in Egypt. The Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) is one of the compensatory MCDA methods based on GIS suitability analysis technique was used in the determination of the criteria weights factor. The main objective of this study is intended to expose a methodology of creating a multi criteria PHES suitability model over Egypt. It is thought that, such amodel can support the sustainability of electricity storage in Egypt.
Through the thesis chapters, it the problem statement and achieving the thesis objectives are described. The PHES technology and the concept of selecting its optimum locations based on multi criteria decision analysis techniques were investigated. Depending on The installed PHES plants worldwide, all criteria and constraints involving to PHES site suitability have been determined. The methodology procedure for achieving the aim was sited. The two important criterions in PHES site suitability are the elevation head and water body proximity distance. Accurate DEM is essential in raster map format to apply the factors of these two criterions. So; an accuracy assessment study for the satellite based DEMs SRTM and ASTER GDEM2 1arc sec is presented. A case study was selected from the results at Assuit city, South of Egypt.
The results of investigation concluded that, there are 62 suitable sites covering a total area 10,428 km2 were distributed over whole Egypt. The new Assuit PHES plant was considered as a practical test for the proposed methodology successes and objective gain; the case study was save 10 peak working hours a day with propose install capacity 50mw. The findings of this study proved that Egypt is rich with renewable energy resource that can face the challenge in the field of energy.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ i
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. iv
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... viii
ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... xii
Chapter 1 ........................................................................................ 1
Introduction .................................................................................... 1
1.1 General ......................................................... 1
1.2 Motivations and objectives ......................................................... 4
1.2.1 Problem statement ……………….……………..……..4
1.2.2 Objectives of the present work .........................................................7
1.2.3 Advantages of Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHES) …………….....9
1.3 Study area ....................................................... 15
1.4 Layout of the present work ....................................................... 16
Chapter 2 ...................................................................................... 17
Fundamental of PHES Technologies and Literatures Review ......... 17
2.1 Introduction ....................................................... 17
2.2 The fundamental of water storage ....................................................... 18
2.3 The hydraulic power plants classes ....................................................... 20
2.4 The pumped hydroelectric storage power plants (PHES) ........ 21
2.5 Types of turbine ....................................................... 25
2.6 PHES worldwide ....................................................... 27
2.7 PHES site selection ....................................................... 28
2.8 GIS-based Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) ........... 29
2.9 Framework of spatial MCDA ....................................................... 30
2.9.1 Problem definition of decision analysis ………………………..31
2.9.2 Criteria evaluation and reclassification ………………………..31
2.9.3 Criterion weights ………………………….32
2.9.4 Constraints (exclusionary criteria) ……………………………………..34
2.9.5 Decision rules using Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) ………….34
2.10 GIS-based MCDA software ....................................................... 36
2.11 Implementation of GIS based MCDA for PHES using a satellite based DEM's . 36
2.12 Digital elevation model techniques ....................................................... 37
2.13 Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) ............................... 42
2.14 DEM error estimation ....................................................... 47
2.15 DEM Fusion ....................................................... 49
2.16 Previous studies ....................................................... 50
Chapter 3 ...................................................................................... 58
Accuracy Assessment of SRTM and ASTER DEM's ...................... 58
3.1 Introduction ....................................................... 58
3.2 Study area and reference data set ....................................................... 59
3.2.1 GPS reference data set ………………………………...60
3.2.2 Data sets from 1:50,000 Topographic maps ……………………………63
3.3 Assessment methodology ....................................................... 65
3.3.1 Data preparation and georefrencing ……………………...67
3.3.2 Results and statistical analysis …………………………...70
3.4 Assessment Study of SRTM and ASTER DEMs Fusion ........ 86
3.4.1 Fusion methodology …………………………………………87
3.4.2 Assessment using GPS data set …………………………………...90
3.4.3 Assessment using topographic data set …………………………………91
Chapter 4 ...................................................................................... 95
PHES Site Suitability Model Methodology and Criteria Definition . 95
4.1 Introduction ....................................................... 95
4.2 Methodology ....................................................... 96
4.2.1 Defining the PHES site selection criteria and suitability factor ………..103
4.2.2 Data acquisition, preparation and verification ……………………….115
4.2.3 Rasteraization and classification …………………………...129
4.2.4 Reclassification and assignment a suitability rank value for each criterion…135
4.2.5 Assigning criteria weights ………………………………………....143
4.2.6 Processing and results …………………………………………..146
Chapter 5 ..................................................................................... 155
Case Study: Assuit Pumped Hydroelectric Storage Power Plant ... 155
5.1 Desirable characteristics of the study site .............................. 155
5.2 Project area ..................................................... 155
5.2.1 Lower reservoir …………………………………………………...157
5.2.2 Power house ………………………………………………………...157
5.2.3 Upper reservoir ………………………………………………………158
5.2.4 Turbine ……………………………………………………….159
5.2.5 Water conduit …………………………………………………………160
5.3 Preliminary reversible turbine calculations ........................... 160
Chapter 6 ..................................................................................... 165
Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................. 165
6.1 Conclusions ..................................................... 165
6.2 Recommendations ..................................................... 166
References .................................................................................... 168
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