ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻭﺭﺓ
ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل صلى الله عليه وسلم
ﻋﺒﺩ ﷲ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻀﻲ ، ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩ
ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ، ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﻓﻴﺼل
ﺹ ﺏ ٥٥٤٣ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺎﻙ ٣١٤٣٢
، ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ
ﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ : al_kadi@yahoo.com
Abdullah H. AlKadi, Assistant Professor
College of Architecture and Planning, King Faisal University
P. O. Box 5543 Dammam 31432, Saudi Arabia
ﻤﻠﺨﺹ :
ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺘﺘﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺨﻤﺱ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﻭﻤﻴﺎﹰ. ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺠﺩ .
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻭﺭﺓ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل صلى الله عليه وسلم .
ﺒﺎﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺜﻘﺔ للخريطة ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﺩﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٤٦ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺜﻡ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ GIS ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ GPS ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﺜﻡ ﺭﺼﺩ ﻭﺘﻭﻗﻴﻊ ﻭ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل صلى الله عليه وسلم ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺴﺘﺔ ﻭﻋﺸﺭﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺠﺩﺍﹰ .
ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ "ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺭﺏ" ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﻭﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺯﻋﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺤﻴﺔ :
ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻭﻱ، ﻭﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻗﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﺤﺩ . ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻭ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺒﺭﺯﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل صلى الله عليه وسلم ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ :
ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻭﻱ ﻴﻨﺤﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ،ﻭﻴﻨﺤﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻗﺒﺎﺀ ، ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻴﺘﺠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺨﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺱ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ١٣١ﻤﺘﺭﺍﹰ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻤﺴﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻌﺔ ﻭﻤﺼﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺩ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺎﺭﺏ ٥ ﻜﻴﻠﻭﻤﺘﺭﺍﺕ . ﻭﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻨﺒﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺌل ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻭﻱ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻤﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﻫﻡ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻁﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﺭﺸﺩﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭة .
Abstract :
Public services are essential prerequisites for urban life. In Islamic cities, mosques come on the top
of these public services due to the fact that it is obligatory on every Muslim to perform his prayers in
mosques five times a day. Consequently, many specialists and researchers tried to set planning standards for mosques.
Unprecedentally, this research attempts to trace, measure and record the actual planning and spatial characteristics of mosques of Al Madenah Al Monawarah during the time of Prophet Mohammad PBU. Refering to envaluable historical studies, using the original 1946 map of Al Madenah Amonawarah prepared by the Egyptian Survying Agency, conducting several field trips to actual sites, and utilizing advanced Geographic Information Systems "GIS" and Global Positioning Systems "GPS" techniques, twenty six five-daily-prayer mosques have been identified, traced, described, and located on their original sites.
The research has applied the "Nearst Nieghbor Analysis" technique to study and analyze the assigned 26 mosques in hree main site of Al Madinah Al Monawarah: the Prophit Haram Site, Qiba'a Site, and Uhod Site. The analysis cam up with specific conclusions concerning the distribution pattern and catchement distance of these mosques. It has been concluded that the distribution of mosques has taken three shapes: regular and condensed in the Prophet Haram site, regular and dispersed in Qiba'a Site, and regular and linear in Uhod Site. I has been concluded also that the average catechement distance of all five-prayer-mosques did not exceed 131 meters. The average catechement distance of Juma'ah and Eid mosues was 5 km. The results of the investigation are envisaged to provide a reference framework- or at least a guide- that could contribute in formulating better planning standards for mosques in modern Islamic cities.
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