أطلس الموارد البيئية بمحافظة جنوب سيناء
باستخدام نظم المعلومات الجغرافية GIS
رسالة مقدمة لنيل درجة الدكتوراه في الآداب
من قسم الجغرافيا بكلية الآداب - جامعة المنوفية
إعداد
محمود فوزي محمود فرج
تحت إشراف
أ.د. فتحي محمد مصيلحي خطاب
أستاذ الجغرافيا البشرية والعميد الأسبق
بكلية الآداب - جامعة المنوفية
د. سمير إسماعيل السنباوي
مدرس الخرائط ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية
كلية الآداب - جامعة المنوفية
عام 1433هـ - 2012م
Atlas Of Environmental Resources and Development in South Sinai Governorate ( By
Using Geographic Information System) Submitted to the Dept. of Geography, Faculty of Arts for the fulfillment of the requirements Of PH.D. in Geography
By
MAHMOUD FAWZY MAHMOUD FARAG
Supervised By
Prof. Dr .
Fathy Mohammed Moselhy
Prof. of Human Geography
DR.
Samir Ismail Al Sinbawy
Lecture Of Maps And GIS
2012
The SUMMARY
There has been increased attention, latele, in the study of the production and listing of the resources, both the exploited and the untapped. This took place in the light of evolution in methods of research and exploration of these resources and methods of use with the increased demands of man. The resources are one of the most important issues worthy of study and analysis, for their prominent role in the problems of our contemporary world. They are one of the criteria measuring state power, an essential element in all matters relating to projects of National Planning, and the basis of the production process.Hence the importance of studying the subject, which includes a number of important factors, mainly the following: The governorate has its distinct characteristics that distinguish it from other governorates, its large area, and multiple environmental resources. Human needs have multiplied and increased, leading to expansion in the exploitation of environmental resources. As long as the natural reserve of some of these resources is limited, or that their supply will not be flexible in the future, we must call for the optimal planning and sustainable development of these resources.
The process of development can not be achieved - fully - unless the governorate has an inventory of its economic resources and recognize them. This is because plans and development programs in the governorate can be drawn according to the amount of resources certainly found. These resources are latent ones and will change the face of life, if the properly utilized. The aims of the present study, mainly includes the following:
Recognizing the size of the resources available and their pattern of geographical distribution.
Environmental evaluation and assessment of the pattern of investment of resources currently and in the future.
Predicting the future of resources in light of current and projected utilization rates.
Activating the resources in the study area by making an atlas for their distribution and components.
Assessing the current and future development situation of the governorate.
Integrated environmental management of environmental resources of the governorate; in order to achieve balanced and environmentally sustainable development, by drawing environmental strategies and plans for future development. The present study handles environmental resources and development in South Sinai using geographic information systems.
It is divided into six chapters, preceded with an introduction and preface, and appended with a conclusion, a list of references and sources. The study relied on a number of research methods, including the quantitative method and cartography. It also adopted a number of the most important sources of data and maps, statistics published and unpublished, and the Internet. The contents were as follows:
Chapter one: The geographical data to the input of the ecosystem in South Sinai: It addresses each of the natural data and was divided into: the data's natural environment on the ground and focused on the (location and access - geological features - climate characteristics - aspects of the surface - dynamic properties (soil) – and finally mountain landscape). Then we have the data for the natural marine environment (geological environment for maritime domain - the coast of the governorate - coral reefs). Then came the human data (distribution of population and development - the distribution of population by educational status, labor force, transport and access and finally the historical and cultural data).
Chapter two: “Land resources” reviews water resources, which were divided into surface water and underground water, land resources and agricultural and natural vegetation, and finally focused on the separation of mineral resources and quarries.
Chapter three: "The marine and coastal resources and the (land - sea) resources", focuses initially on marine and coastal resources, and discussed the biodiversity of coral reefs, seaweeds, mangroves, fisheries and desalinated water, land-marine resources, focussing largely on the natural reserves and energy resources.
Chapter four: “The current map of the surface patterns of resource exploitation”, focuses on the maps of agricultural and pastoral exploitation, tourist exploitation and finally water exploitation.
Chapter five: “The current map of patterns of exploitation of extractive resources”, focusses on the maps of fish exploitation, mineral exploitation, and exploitation of underground water. Chapter six: “Environmental management, sustainable development and limitations of the exploitation of environmental resources in the governorate” has discussed the integrated policy mechanisms for the protection and conservation of environmental resources in the governorate, the environmental management and sustainable development, restrictions on the exploitation of environmental resources, and ultimately presented a developmentally sustainable program for coral reef. It explained the environmental importance of reefs, environmental assessment of the risks facing the coral reef environment, strategies to preserve them and finally ways to protect them. Major findings:
The governorate lies between latitudes 27◌ْ 43◌َ 23.3◌ً , 29◌ْ 56◌َ 43.3◌ً N, almost in less than one latitude and a quarter, nearly a quarter (23.7%) stretch into the depth of Egypt from north to south. Thus, maximum longitudinal extension of the governorate from north to south is close to 245 km. The longitudes extend between longitudes 32◌ْ 36◌َ 27◌ً , 34◌ْ 54◌َ 17.1◌ً E, a little over one longitude and a quarter. This is almost one fifth (18.4%) of Egypt’s extension from east to west, so maximum latitudinal extension of the governorate from east to west is around 222 km.
South Sinai has one coastal kilometer per 49.6 km2 of area, one coastal kilometer for each 73 km2 of area of Sinai and 318 km2 of the total area of Egypt. Similarly, the proportion of land area of South Sinai is lower for both as well, as behind every one km of land border we have 142.1 km2 , compared to 152.2 km2 and 349.5 km2 for each of Sinai and Egypt, respectively, that is double or more in the case of Egypt.
The South Sinai region lies between two different climate areas, (the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Aqaba). This will help to develop plans for development in a realistic and practical manners as confirmed by the temperature and its impact on the movement of humans and plants, along with the wind effect on the life activities, and tourist movements by air and sea transport.
The governorate is covered with a dense network of lines of the valleys which are organized in three main basins. Their estimated area is about 29,162 km2 , an increase of about (70.3%) of the total area of basins Sinai's an area of about 41,500 km2 , covering a percentage of (93.2%) of the total area of the governorate, with an estimated average rainfall over (461 million m3 / year), runoff of about (62.4 million m3 / year). The feeding of these basins was estimated at about (253 million m3 / year).
There is a number of underground reservoirs in the governorate, especially the fourth-age one. They are the backbone for development projects; as they provide them with fresh water at lower cost than other alternatives possible, such as the transfer of river water or desalination of sea water. But the ground water in this reservoir has a special hydrological and hydrochemical nature that may make them fragile and prone to deterioration quantitatively and qualitatively, if we do not manage, protect and develop them well and continuously and preserve the most important treasures of the desert (fresh water) for future generations. Formations of second and third age reservoirs are divided between the east coast of the Gulf of Suez and the western coast of the Gulf of Aqaba, and the flow of water is toward the surface as a result of extreme pressure on the reservoirs such as the Springs of Moses on the east coast of the Gulf of Suez.
The underground reservoir of upper Cretaceous rocks covers large areas of the governorate, the average thickness of the reservoir amounts to (706 meters), and the average levels of wells of the reservoir above the surface of the sea amounts to (541 meters). The levels of water above sea level ranged from (169 to 625 meters ), and the reservoir is characterized by salinity ranging from (1100 - 9000 mg / liter).
Mineral resources in the governorate are concentrated in three regions, representing the basic foundation for a broad range of industries. The groove of the Gulf of Suez is the most important area of the governorate as it only comprises about 90% of the total raw materials available in the governorate. The most important wealth resources include gypsum, limestone, kaolin, white sand and coal . The Red Sea has the unique geographical and vital characteristics in the scope of the west side of the Indian Ocean, noting that the waters of South Sinai is divided into three specific areas: the Gulf of Suez (north of the Strait of Gopal), the Gulf of Aqaba (north of the Strait of Tiran), and the Red Sea (South straits earlier). This rich diversity of marine life in its resources includes coral reefs, up to 209 kinds of steel, and 26 types of soft coral, and increasing biodiversity as we head north. There is also diversity in fish.
We have different fish production species in both gulfs due to their different physical and chemical properties, in addition to the difference in human factors on the other hand. Most importantly, the Gulf of Suez produces all species of fish caught in the governorate except in Aldrak. The Gulf of Aqaba in Dahab and Nuweiba has only six types.
The governorate exceeds the national average in each of GDP and the human development index, but it is lower than in average life expectancy index. As for site preservation of the governorate’s desert, it came second to the New Valley Governorate in human Development Index and GDP and ranked third in the rate of education index after each of the Red Sea and New Valley governorates. The life expectancy index was the same rate of Matrouh Governorate (0.768) and came after the governorates of North Sinai, Red Sea, New Valley (.770).
The governorate is a part of the territory of the Eastern Front, approximately one-sixth (16.2%) of its area. It occupies (2.4%) of the total length of the political borders 5.3 km and more than a quarter (25.9%) of the total coast.
The governorate oversees four units a development "zone of the Gulf of Suez (coastal plain extending from Ras Sudr to Ras Muhammad) - the sub-region of the Gulf of Aqaba (coastal plain extends from Ras Mohammed to Taba) – and the sub-region of the Central Mountains - Northern Sahara region "
Deficit in the amount of water in 2006 was a little over (90.3 million m 3 ), ie, the available water is not enough but for a little over a third (34.8%) of the total population. There should be an urgent plan to increase the preservation of drinking water, while the amount of water must be provided to population increase anticipated in 2027, approximately (486.4 million m3 ). The amount of water available to the population in 2006 and the population of future increase in 2027 was approximately (576.7 million m3 ).
Deficit in the area planted in 2006 was a little over (23.3 thousand acres), that is, available land is not enough, but for nearly two-fifths (37.8%) of the total population. The total area of agricultural area required for the population increase expected in 2027 is a little more than (121.5 thousand acres), and after the addition of agricultural land to be available during 2006 with the space required in 2027, the required amount to the total area available is approximately (145 thousand acres). They already exist, especially since there are more than (167 thousand acres) land resources for agriculture in the governorate. Most important recommendations and proposals:
The preparation of a database of plant and animal species both endemic and endangered and updating and classifying it. Determining their economic value and using of information technology and geographic information systems in the monitoring of these species, including assistance for decision makers and contribution to scientific research and studies. The study suggests the need to plan for recultivation of plants endangered in their natural places.
Increasing Bedouin awareness on collecting grass used to feed animals by mowing, not removal from the roots to give them opportunity to grow again. Grazing must be conducted within the transitional grazing ranges of the reserves under the supervision of the department of protected areas. Identifying specific places for diving within each reserve, raising awareness of the importance of coral reefs and the need to preserve them. Diving should be supervised and licensed by the Department of protected areas.
Strategic planning to reconcile development and conservation of biological diversity, and to maintain the multiple services of the ecosystems that depend on them. Direct and continued intervention to reduce the loss of biodiversity, for example, by expanding and strengthening protected areas and programs for species and habitats at risk.
Mangrove forests should be maintained and protected from the severe dangers to which they are exposed; due to their lack of types and scarcity. They should not used for the purposes of human consumption.
Legalizing hunting of organisms contributing to the building of coral reefs, so as not to lead to an environmental imbalance that may damage coral reefs, as well as the criminalization of the use of nets with narrow openings.
Preventing the owners of tourist villages from expanding their facilities to the current scape without knowing their impact on the growth of coral in the region, and preventing these villages from dumping remnants of their sewage water or swimming pools. Establishing a marine protected area or preserve focusing on the protection of coral reefs, stretching for an area of 1651 km2 , crossing the space of four protected areas along the Gulf of Aqaba
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